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How much ATP is stored in the muscle cells?
Limited amounts
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Since muscle activity requires a constant supply of ATP,,,
metabolic pathways must exist in the cell to produce ATP rapidly
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How big is a molecule of ATP?
Large molecule
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atp is made of _+_
adenosine component (sugar) +PO3
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From ATP how do you get a muscle contraction or Energy?
You get both...
ATP --> ADP +Pi = ENERGY=muscle contraction
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What is Pi?
free phosphate
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ATP supply in cell =
produces a few muscle twitches
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3 Metabolic Pathways for ATP production
- 1. Creatine Phosphate Breakdown
- 2. Degradation of glucose or glycogen ->glycolysis
- 3. oxidative metabolism-Krebs Cycle (use glucose, fat, protein, and CHO)
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Anaerobic metabolism consists of NO O2
What metabolic pathways uses this?
CP and glycolysis
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Aerobic metabolism consists of O2
What metabolic pathways use this?
Oxidative metabolism
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Control of Bioenergetics
Biochemical pathways resulting in the production of ATP are regulated by precise control systems.
- Each pathway contains as number of reactions that are catalyzed by specific Enzymes.
- In general if ample substrate (eg. ADP) is available , an increase in the # of enzymes present results in an increase rate of chemical reactions.
- Therefore the regulation of one or more enzymes in a pathway provides a way of controlling the rate of that particular pathway.
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How does a rate limiting enzyme control the speed of reactions?
- Rate limiting enzymes are found early in metabolic pathways
- The activity of rate limiting enzymes are regulated by modulators (eg. the product)
- Modulators are substances thate increase or decrease enzyme activity.
ATP is rate limiting enzyme on lactic acid or ADP.
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Control of ATP-CP system
Creatine Phosphate is also called
Phosphocreatine
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CP breakdown is regulated by?
creatine kinase activity
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What are modulators of CP?
- ADP stimulates
- ATP inhibits
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At the onset of exercise ATP-> ADP +Pi
This reacton provides us with what ?
Provides energy for muscle contraction
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The increase in ADP simulates creatine kinase to increase the breakdown of CP and resynthesize ATP.
Creatine kinase is the ___enzyme for CP.
ADP +CP__creatine kinase_____ ATP +C
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Control of Glycolysis
The most important rate limiting enzyme is?
PFK- phosphofructokinase
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Where does PFK occur in glycolysis?
near the beginning of glycolysis
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When exercise begins ADP and Pi levels _______ PFK activity.
enhance
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At rest ATP levels are high this___ PFK activity.
inhibits PFK activity
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phosphorylase is
another important regulatory enzyme in carbohydrate metabolism
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Important for glycolysis. Phosphorylase is responsible for the breakdown of glycogen to___.
glucose
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Phosphorylase is an enzyme but is not considered a___ enzyme.
glycolytic enzyme.
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Phosphorylase plays and important role in glycolysis b/c it provides glucose for entry into___.
glycolysis
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CP is for short duration or intermitent work about 10 seconds. What causes fatigue ?
Decrease in CP
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Glycolysis if for single duration or intermitent work 2-5 minutes. What causes fatigue?
increase in metabolic acidosis, pain.
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Mitochondrial respiration (aerobic) of for continuous work. Last less than 5 min. What causes fatigue?
dehydration, hyperthermia, muscle damage
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Fitness training
Define Training
the organized sequence of exercise that stimulates adaptations in anatomy and physiology.
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What are 2 kinds of adaptations ?
Training adaptations or chronic adaptations
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Training =Winning or increase performance
This is determined by?
the quality of training
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Principles of training
Define Specificity
training should be based on the specific demands or needs of the sport event
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the better one can understand these demands or needs..
the more likely one can develop a suitable training program
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What do muscle power tests measure?
measures the ability of a person to regulate ATP during the tine interval of the test
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Predicting maximal muscle power & anaerobic capacity
Can you measure the muscle capacity for non mitochondrial ATP regulation?
The muscles capacity for non-mitochondrial (anaerobic) ATP regulation is impossible to measure accurately. So several lab tests have been develpoed that try to measure anerobic capacity.
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These are some Short term tests
- sargents jump and reach
- margaria power test
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these are some intermediate term tests
- windgate test
- isokinetic test
- muscle metabolic accumulation
- accumulated oxygen deficit
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What is the Margaria Power test?
- Person running up stairs.
- it is timed
- and they do get a headstart
- this tests CP
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What is Windgate Test?
- maximal pedaling for 30 seconds againsts a constant load
- resistance is set based upon a predetermined equation
- revolutions are counted
- Resistance is 7.5% of the body weight (kg)
- up to 10% on trained athletes
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Performance
Define Mean power
mean work output over 30 sec interval
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Define Peak power
highest power during any 5 second interval
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Define Fatigue index
Difference between the peak power and the lowest power output divided by the peak power.
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