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Description
1) Sail-Wagon Epoch (1790-1830)
2) Iron Horse Epoch (1830-70)
3) Steel-Rail Epoch (1870-1920)
4) Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-70)5) High Technology Epoch (1970-today)
Impotance/Notes
Uses transportation advances as key to development of Urban areas
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Descripition
Stage 1 forest-fallow Stage 2 bush-fallow Stage 3 fallow shortens Stage 4 annual cropping Stage 5 multi-cropping – from extensive to intensive
Importance/Notes
Population growth forces an increase in technology in farming industry to meet the need.
Formalized the transition form extensive subsistence forms of agriculture to more intensive cultivation – increased productivity counters loss of fertility
- Boserup Hypothesis
- (Rural Land Use)
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Descripition
grows out from CBD 5 zones CBD, transition – industry/poor housing, stable working class, middle class, commuter zone – suburbs
Based on Bid-rent the idea that land values are highest in the centre of a town or city. This is because competition is high in the central parts of the settlement. This leads to high-rise, high-density buildings being found near the CBD, with low-density, sparse developments on the edge of the town or city Invasion and Succession
Importance/Notes
Chicago
- Concentric Zone
- {Ernest Burgess, 1920}
- (Rural Land Use)
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Discripition
Urban Hierarchy, Range, Threshold, Low Order Good, High Order Good
Hexagon shape – trade areas
1) threshold -- the minimum
market needed to bring a firm
or city selling goods and services
into existence and to keep it in
business2) range -- the average maximum
distance people will travel to
purchase goods and services
Importance/Notes
Spatial distribution of Hamlets, Villages, Towns and Cities.
- Central Place Theory
- {Walter Christaller, 1896-1969}
- (Rural/Urban Land Use)
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Descripition
Multiple Nuclei model – modern cities develop with many nodes. Cities within cities.
Importance/Notes
Many city centers
- Multiple Nuclei Model
- {Chauncey Harris/ E L Ullman, 1945}
- (Urban Land Use)
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Descripition
Types of boundaries - 1. Antecedent,- drawn before populated 2. Superimposed- doesn’t take into account existing ethnic groups, 3. Subsequent,- drawn after populated 4. Relict
- Richard Hartshorne
- (Political/Enviroment)
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Description
(better/more efficient production has opened new markets and brought places closer) is similar to Space-Time Convergence (reduction of the importance of distance)
Importance/Notes
Capitalism has accelerated the pace of life.
Compression - EG. Tokyo’s stock market impacts on Toronto.Convergence – EG. Airplane brings people closer together than before
- Space-Time Compression
- {David Harvey}
- (Globalization)
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Descripition
sectors, not rings, certain areas more attractive – as city grows expands outward –
Transportation Routes Important
factories/industry zone, radiate out from the CBD. This is probably following the line of a main road or a railway.
High-income areas along fashionable boulevards or rail lines, water, high ground and far from industry
Industry radiates along river or rail lines
Low-income radiates near industry
Middle-income radiates between low and high income sectors
Importance/Notes
Refinement of concentric zone theory
1939 – Land Economist
- Sector Model
- {Homer Hoyt, 1939}
- (Urban)
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Describe
Every country has a ‘Primate City’ (a city that dominates in economics, social factors and politics)Rank Size Rule – 2nd largest city is ½ the size of the Primate city, 3rd largest city is 1/3 the size of the Primate city and so on.
Information/Notes
“The law of the Primate City”
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Describe
• Recognized the core position of Russia in the Asian landmass and anticipated conflict between Russian (land) and British (sea) power
• Mahan argued that control of the seas (lanes and access) would lead to global military domination.
- Sea Power Theory
- {Alfred Thayer Mahan}
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Describe
Agglomeration/Spatial Influence –
Manufacturing plants choose locations where they can maximize profit.
Zone of Profitability
- August Losch; 1940
- (Development)
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Describe
Geo-Political thought – explains why NATO and the WARSAW pact existed – control of Eastern Europe.
Heartland – Eastern Europe and Russia
Information/notes
1. Who rules Eastern Europe commands the Heartland2. Who rules the Heartland commands the World Island
3. Who rules the World Island commands the World
- The Heartland Theory
- {Halford Mackinder, 1861-1947}
- (Political)
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Describe
Population growth relating to Food supply
1. Food grows Arithmetically (1,2,3,4,5)2. Population grows Exponentially (1,2,4,8,16) 3. Population Checks
Information/Notes
Neo-Malthusians – R. Kaplan, T.F. Homer-Dixon – look at Africa Critics - E. Boserup, S. Kuznets, J. Simon, F. Engels – More people more growth, Science will find a way, distribution of wealth etc.
- Malthusian Theory
- {Thomas Malthus, 1766-1834}
- (Population)
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Describe
Land Use in Southeast Asian cities. Old colonial port cities surrounded by a new commercial district with no formal CBD.
Information/Notes
EG. Manila, Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur.Western commercial Zone and Alien (Asian ) commercial zone
- T.G. McGee, 1967
- (Urben/Development)
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Describe
nations act like living organisms – must grow and will eventually decline
Social Darwinism
- Organic Theory of Nations
- {Friedrich Ratzel, 1844-1904}
- (Political)
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11 of them) – Most migrants travel only a short distance.
• Migrants traveling long distances usually settle in urban areas.
• Most migration occurs in steps.
• Most migration is rural to urban.
• Each migration flow produces a movement in the opposite direction ("counterflow").
• Most migrants are adults.
• Most international migrants are young males, while more internal migrants are female.
• Economic motives dominate migration
• Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas.
• Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults.
• Gender studies of migration indicate that men are more mobile, migrate farther, and have more employment choices and income than women.
- Law of Migration
- {E.G. Ravensten}
- (Migration)
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5 Stages of Economic Development – 1. Traditional Society 2. Pre-conditions to Take-off (primary sector) 3. Take-off (industry) 4. Maturity 5. Mass Consumption etc.
Capitalistic Model
Based on UK
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