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what are the major glands?
parotid, submandibular, and sublingual
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elaborates a serous (watery, mucous poor) fluid containing electrolytes, but is relatively low in organic substances
parotid
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has both a serous and mucous secretion
submandibular
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has a greater proportion of mucous output than the other major glands
sublingual
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what are the minor glands?
palatal, lingual, buccal, and labial
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salivary glands empty onto the lining mucous membrane of the mouth in many places; on the palate, under
minor glands-mainly mucus secreting glands
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within the oral cavity, there is the protective umbrella of the body’s immune system-
cellular and the secretory immune systems
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is cell-mediated and consists of the phagocytic and lymphoid elements involved in preventing infection. The secretory system
cellular
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mainly protects mucous membranes with secretions of antibodies, such as sIgA
secretory systen
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Two other defense mechanisms are
taste and tactile sense
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the ability to resist routine daily challenges of physical and bacterial agents and to repair limited amounts of tissue damage typical of the wear and tear of daily life
homoeostasis
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The physical and chemical protective functions of saliva can be divided into five convenient categories:
- 1- lubrication,
- 2- flushing & rinsing,
- 3- chemical
- 4- antimicrobial
- 5-maintenance of superaturation of calcium and phosphate levelbathing enamel
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how much is unstimulated or resting saliva is from the submandibular glands
2/3
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below 0.7mL/minute, the condition qualifies as
xerostomia
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Saliva flow may be stimulated by?
- 1- physiologically,
- 2- pharmacologically (OTC drugs, herbals and prescription medications), and
- 3- many different disease states.
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The three most encountered xerogenics causing the most severe, long-term xerostomic effects are the
- –neuroleptics,
- –tricyclic antidepressants,
- – antihypertensive drugs
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The protective functions of saliva are due to its?
physical, chemical, and antibacterial properties
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The most easily understood antibacterial function is performed by the secreted??that trap ? which are eventually swallowed.
- sulfated glycoproteins (the mucins)
- (aggregate) bacteria
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Four important antimicrobial proteins found in saliva are:
- –lysozyme,
- –lactoferrin,
- –salivary peroxidase,
- – secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA).
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To reduce the potential of demineralization, it is necessary to:
(1) reduce the number of bacteria producing the acid, (2) reduce the amount of acid produced by the existing bacteria, or (3) negate the effect of the acids produced by plaque
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is the repair of enamel rod structure following acidogenic episodes.
remineralization
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Following eruption, the missing ions are supplied from the saliva, a process termed
posteruption maturation
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is not irreversible or inevitably progressive
demineralization
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can be defined as a carbohydrate-modified transmissible local infection with saliva as a critical regulator.
dental caries
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certain strains of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli are highly cariogenic. The former group plays an active
Caries-A Transmissible Local Infection
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•In fact, it has been suggested that children are most susceptible for mutans streptococci colonization between 19 and 31 months of age, a so-called “window of infectivity”. This is mainly explained by a combination of frequent and close maternal contacts
First Step—Transmission and Establishment of Mutans Streptococci
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At food intake, the accumulated plaque is fed with carbohydrates.
This is a very common side-effect of fixed orthodontic appliances
Third Step—Demineralization
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Once a mutans streptococci- and lactobacilli is established in the oral cavity, there is a risk for future caries development.It is however a general misunderstanding that the disease is an inevitable result of the colonization.
second step-microbial shift
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When applied on populations, the caries-risk procedure is termed
caries perdiction
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inflammation of the marginal gingival without any loss of the epithelial attachment.
–*gingival changes from a pale pink to red
–*contour becomes edematous
–*bleeding on probing or toothbrushing
gingivitis
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inflammation of the marginal gingival with a loss of the epithelial attachment, plus irreversible damage to any of the other three remaining components of the periodontium, i.e., the cementum, alveolar bone, and the periodontal ligament.
periodontist
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All periodontitis begins with gingivitis
but not all gingivitis ends in periodontitis
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described as a measurement of 4mm or greater using a periodontal probe. (4-6 mm- gray area, depends on epithelial attachment loss)
periodontal disease
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when the free gingival margin recedes apically along with the epithelial attachment as well as the underlying alveolar bone.
gingival recession
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what are some types of species of bacteria that may contribute to the onset of gingivitis and periodontitis.
Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, and Bacteriodes forsythias.
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gingiva has a ?? appearance with ? edges after years of smoking. Bleeding is minimal on brushing.
glazed fibrotic, rolled
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