Joints

Sites where two or more bones meet

(1) To hold the bones of the skeleton together

(2) Give our skeleton mobility

Structure and function

• Fibrous
• Cartilaginous
• Synovial

Found connecting bones of the skull (immovable)

Longer fibers than sutures,the length determines the amnt of movement slightly moveable

Short ligaments that connect teeth to their sockets

Immovable joints that are a bar/plate of cartilage that join two bones together Epiphyseal plate

Fibrocartilage sandwiched between articular cartilage and held together by ligament,slightly movable and found in the vertebrae

Immovable Joints

Slightly Movable Joints

Freely Movable Joints

• Flat bone surfaces slide across each others surface both back and forth as well as side to side
• Eg:Carpals of the wrist and Tarsals of the Foot

Extension-increases the angle between bones

Flexion-reduces the angle between bones

Hyperextension- extension that goes beyond the normal upright position

Dorsiflexion- Flexion of the foot pointing up towards the body

Plantar flexion- flexion of the foot pointing down away from the body

Abduction - Movement of the limb away from the midline of the body

Adduction - Movement of the limb towards the midline of the body

Circumduction - Moving the distal portion of a limb in a circular direction

Rotation-the turning of a bone around its long axis

• Supination and Pronation refer to the movement of the Radius around the Ulna
• Supination - turning backward
• Pronation - turning forward

Inversion and Eversion refer to the movement of the foot

Inversion - the sole of the foot faces medially

Eversion - the sole of the foot faces laterally

Protraction and Retraction are non angular movements of the bone anteriorly or posteriorly

Elevation and Depression are movement of a body part superiorly or inferiorly

Opposition - is action that occurs when the thumb moves to touch the tips of the other digits

Hinge Joints - Knee and Elbow

Gliding/ Planar Joints - Carpal bones of the wrist and the Tarsal bones of the ankle

Condyloid Joints-Metacarpals/Metatarsals and the phalanges

Saddle Joints - Thumb (Metacarpal and Trapezium)

Pivot Joints - Atlas and Axis or the Radius and Ulna

Ball and Socket Joints - Shoulder and Hip

the ligaments of a joint are stretched or torn

the tendons of a joint are stretched or torn

when bones are forced out of alignment

a partial dislocation of a joint

Inflammation of a bursa or the tendon sheath respectively

inflammatory or degenerative disease which damages the joints

Most common and often seen in the elderly is caused from a wear and tear of the articular cartilage in the joints which lack their ability to be replaced

• Usually arises b/t the ages of 40 50 caused by an autoimmune disease which attacks the body’s tissue
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• When excessive Uric Acid is deposited in the joints forming crystals and an inflammatory response initially starts in the big toe
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