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What is cardiac output and whats the formula?
- How much blood is pumped from the heart to the arterial circulation in 1 min is the carida output (CO)
- CO= heart rate (HR) X stroke volume (SV)
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define heart rate
number of contractons of the heart/minute
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define Stroke Volume
amount of blood that is pumped out of the heart with each contraction
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what part of the nervous system controls the heart rate?
autonomic nervous system
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what part of the nervous system lowers the heart rate?
parasympathetic nervous system
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what part of the nervous system raises the heart rate?
sympathetic nervous system
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how to measure the strength of a pulse?
- 0= absent, unable to palpate
- 1+= diminished, weaker than expected
- 2+= brisk, expected
- 3+= increased
- 4+= full volume, bounding
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what is the normal pulse rate for the healthy adult client?
60-100 Mins at rest
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What is tachycardia?
>100/min
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what is bradycardia?
<60/min
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define dysrhythmia.
an irregular rhythm of the heart that frequently is noted as an irregular radial pulse
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what is a pulse deficit?
occurs when the apical rate is greater than the radial rate. In the case of a dysrhythmia, the heart may contract ineffectively resulting in a beat being heard at the apical site, but a pulsation not being felt at the radial pulse point
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what is the normal pulse rate for an infant?
120-160/min
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what is the normal pulse rate for a 12-14 year old?
80-90/min
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Name 9 factors leading to tachycardia.
- exercise
- fever
- medications- epinephrine (adrenaline), levothyroxine (synthroid), beta2-adrenergic agonists (albuterol)
- changing positions from lying down to sitting or standing
- acute pain
- hyperthyroidism
- anemia, hypoxemia
- stress, anxiety, and fear
- hypovelemia, shock and heart failure lead to decrease CO with a compensatory increase HR
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Name 6 factors leading to bradycardia.
- long-term physical fitness
- hypothermia
- medications- digoxin (lanoxin), beta-blockers (propranolol), calcium channel blockers (cerapamil)
- changing position from standing or sitting to lying down
- chronic pain
- hypothyroidism
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where is the apical pulse located? how long should it be counted for?
- located at 5th intercostal space at the left midclavicular line
- 1 minute
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complications/interventions tachycardia.
- assess/monitor for other signs and symptoms (pain, anxiety, restlessness, fatigue, low bp, oxygen saturation)
- assess/monitor for potential med side effects
- prevent injury
- notify primary care provider
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Complications/interventions bradycardia
- assess/monitor for other signs and symptoms (hypotension, chest pain, diaphoresis, dyspnea, altered mental status)
- assess/monitor for potential med side effects
- prevent injury
- notify primary care provider
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Determine which of the following factors increase/decrease the pulse rate:
hyperthyrodism
calcium channel blockers
hypothermia
acute pain
blood loss
anxiety
walking on the treadmill
- increase
- decrease
- decrease
- increase
- increase
- increase
- increase
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how would you assess pulse for a 2-months old infant, a 76 year old client with tachycardia an irregular rhythm and 56 year old client w/ an order to recieve stat dose of digoxin
- apical
- simultaneous check of apical and radial
- apical
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