lab quiz 7

the process of providing nutrition for the body

in human beings is the oral taking of substances into the body

-the mechanical and chemical conversion of food into substances that can eventually be absorbed by cells
-mechanical: accomplished by chewing
-chemical: begins in in the mouth and completed in the stomach

the process in which the digested food molecules pass through the lining of the small intestine into the blood or lymph capillaries

the elimination of wastes through the anus in the form of feces

the 3 major classes of nutrients

the basic source of energy for human cells, include sugars and starches

required for the chemical break down of nutrient into similar substances

-ose vs -ase

the eventual product of the digestion of sugars as well as starches; it is a simple sugar that is the major source of energy for the body

the enzyme that breaks down starch

the effective enzyme that breaks down protein

the effective enzyme that breaks down a lipid (fat)

-ation

bil/i, chol/e

cirrh/o

de-

glycos/o

-orexia

-pepsia

vag/o

viscer/o

basically a long muscular tube that is lined with mucous membrane, begins at the mouth and ends at the anus

refers to the stomach and the intestines

consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach

made up of the small and large intestine

cheil/o

dent/i, dent/o, odont/o

gingiv/o

gloss/o, lingu/o

or/o, stomat/o

esophag/o

gastr/o

intestin/o, enter/o

duoden/o

jejun/o

ile/o

col/o, colon/o

append/o, appendic/o

cec/o

sigmoid/o

proct/o

rect/o

an/o

the liver produces this which breaks down fats before absorption by the small intestine; continually produced by the liver and is either stored by the gallbladder or conveyed to the small intestine for immediate use

means pertaining to the common bile duct

sometimes formed within the gallbladder and can be lodged there for years without causing problems

a small organ with two impt functions: (1) it produces pancreatic juice which is impt in the digestion of food and (2) it produces insulin

a hormone that regulates the blood sugar level

located in the oral cavity and responsible for producing saliva

cholecyst/o

choledoch/o

hepat/o

pancreat/o

sial/o

an x-ray image of the esophagus taken while the patient swallows a liquid barium susension

ingested in upper GI series, and the radiographic examination is made as the barium passes through the esophagus, stomach and duodenum

the lower intestinal tract is studied with a ___, a rectal infusion of barium sulfate

x-ray examination of the gallbladder; accomplished by rendering the gallbladder and ducts opaque with a contrast medium; rarely used today having been replaced by sonography

the presence of gall stones

if the flow of bile is obstructed by a stone or in certain liver diseases, this condition is called ___; characterized by yellowing of the skin, whites of the eyes, mucous membranes and body fluids as a result of deposition of bile pigment

if a gallstone moves into the common bile duct

the salivary ducts can be studied by injecting radiopaque substances into the ducts in a procedure called a ____, which may be used to demonstrate the presence of calculi in the ducts

upper gastrointestinal ____ is visual examination of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum

focus of endoscopy procedure is on the examination of the esophagus, this procedure is called ____

the endoscopic examination of the lining of the colon

instrument used for colonoscopy

the same meaning as colonoscopy but is less commonly used; the physician may also obtain tissue biopsy specimens or remove polyps during this procedure

primarily a result of resistance to insulin or lack of insulin secretion by the insulin secreting cells of the pancreas

without insulin, glucose builds up in the bood and results in ____; an increase in glucose level in the blood; ultimately results in the classic symptoms of DM: polyphagia, polyuria, polydipsia

means excessive hunger or uncontroled eating

excessive urination

means excessive thirst

glucose in the urine

type 1 or 2 DM? genetically determined and results in absolute insulin deficiency; however, most people with this gene never develop this type of diabetes

type 1 or 2 DM? genetics, environ factors, aging and obesity may contribute to its development; characterized by insulin resistance rather than insufficient secretion

first recognized during pregnancy, is carbohydrate intolerance, usually caused by a deficiency of insulin; it disappears after delivery of the infant but in a significant number of cases, returns years later

another dysfunction of the pancreas in which it produces too much insulin; the blood contains less than normal amount of sugar

an increased amount of fat or lipids in the blood

abnormal increase in the proportion of fat cells of the body

a person is regarded medically obese if he/she is _% above the desirable body weight for the person's age, sex, height and body type

a word that means vomiting

excessive leanness caused by disease or lack of nutrition

associated with psychological stress or conflict, is a disorder characterized by prolonged refusal to eat that results in emaciation

another type of emotional disorder associated with food, is characterized by episodes of binge eating that often terminate in self induced vomiting

either prolonged anorexia or bulimia leads to depletion of nutrients for body cells and results in ____; can be caused by malabsorption

a complex of symtoms that include anorexia, weight loss, flatulence, muscle cramps and bone pain

excessive gas in the stomach and intestinal tract that leads to bloating

ulcers, chiefly of the mouth and lips

inflammation of the lip

inflammation of the gums

inflammation of the tongue; the tongue is painful, sometimes covered with ulcers, and swallowing is difficult

inflammation of the mouth

inability to swallow or difficulty in swallowing

a complex of enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus that are susceptible to hemorrhage

inflammation of the esophagus

a condition resulting from a backflow of the stomach contents into the esophagus; the acidic gastric juices cause burning pain in the esophagus; repeated episodes of reflux can result in esophagitis, narrowing of the esophagus, or an esophageal ulcer; treatment is elevation of the head of the bed, avoidance of acid-stimulating foods and the use of antacids or antiulcer medications

inflammation of the stomach

herniation of the stomach; a common tpe of this is a hiatus or hiatal hernia, protrusion of a structure through the opening in the diagphragm that allows passage of the esophagus; often the protruding structure is part of the stomach

inflammation of the stomach and the intestinal tract

an excessive amount of acid in the stomach; the condition may lead to ulceration of the stomach and is treated with antacids or antiulcer medications; antibiotics are also effective in certain cases

a lesion of the mucous membrane, accompanied by the sloughing (shedding) of dead tissue

bleeding of the upper digestive structures, sometimes evidence of blood in the vomit

inflammation of the veriform appendix

inflammation of the colon

inflammation fo the diverticulum in the intestinal tract; esp in the colon, causing stagnation, or lack of movement, of feces and pain

performed if diverticulitis is severe

a small sac or pouch in the wall of an organ

the presence of diverticula without inflammation, a condition that affects a number of people older than 50 years and may cause few symptoms

an ulcer of the duodenum; bleeding is sometimes present with this type of ulcer; perforation can occur, which can lead to peritonitis

inflammation of the duodenum

stoppage or delay in the passage of food through the intestine

masses of veins in the anal canal that are unnaturally distended and lie just inside or outside the rectum; they are often accompanied by pain, itching, and bleeding

abnormally increased motility of the small and large intestines of unknown origins; most of those affected are young adults who report diarrhea and occasionally pain in the abdomen, usually relieved by passing gas or stool

bleeding of the lower digestive structures

inflammation of the gallbladder

formation or presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or common bile duct

stoppage of bile excretion

a chronic liver disease characterized by marked degeneration of liver cells

inflammation of the liver

enlargement of the liver

a general term for disease characterized by excessive urination, but it usually refers to DM

a condition in which the blood glucose level is abnormally low; it can be caused by excessive production of insulin by the pancreas or excessive injection of insulin

inflammation of the pancreas

appetite suppressing drug

surgical approach for treating extreme obesity, generally tried when conservative methods have failed, limit food intake or absorption by either ___ or ___

used to treat diarrhea

used to relieve or prevent vomiting

cause evacuation of the bowel and may be prescribed to correct constipation

strong medications used to promote full evacuation of the bowel, as in preparation for diagnostic studies or surgery of the digestive tract

what are some non-surgical treatments for removal of gallstones?

the gall bladder is excised with a laser and removed through a small incision in the abdominal wall

removal of the veriform appendix; is removed when it is acutely infected to prevent peritonitis, which can occur if the appendix ruptures

surgical removal of the gallbladder; exploration of the common bile duct is often performed during this

performed during cholecystectomy; the biliary vessels are injected with a contrast medium and x-ray images are taken to determine whether stones are present

creation of an artificial anus on the abdominal wall by incising the colon and drawing it out to the surface; is performed when the feces cannot pass through the colon and out through the anus

surgical removal of all or part of the stomach

surgical removal of part of the stomach where the remaining portion of the stomach is joined to the duodenum

surgical creation of a new opening into the stomach through the abdominal wall; this allows the insertion of a synthetic feeding tube and is performed when the patient cannot eat normally

removal of hemorrhoids by any of several means, including surgery

creation of a surgical passage through the abdominal wall into the ileum; is necessary when the large intestine has been removed; fecal material from the ileum drains thorough an opening called a STOMA into a bag worn on the abdomen

examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope through one or more small incisions in the abdominal wall; done for inspection of abdominal organs and also for laparoscopic surgeries

removal of tissue from the liver for patholigic examination

removal of liver by using a needle to puncture the skin overlying the liver; considered a closed biopsy

excision of a pancreatic stone

resection (partial excision) of portions of the vagus nerve near the stomach; this procedure is performed to decrease the amt of gastric juices by severing the nerve (vagus nerve) that controls their release