APUSH Study cards, Civil War Era

Lee’s chief lieutenant and premier cavalry officer

Lee’s attack on Maryland in hopes that he could take it from the Union, bloodiest day of the war, stalemate,McClellan replaced by Burnside, stalemate, South would never be so close to victory again

issued by Lincoln following Antietam (close enough to a victory to empower the proclamation), declared slaves in the Confederacy free (did not include border states), symbolic gesture to support Union’s moral cause in the war

drafting extremely hated by Northerners, sparked by Irish-Americans against the black population, 500 lives lost, many buildings burned

South divided into 5 military districts; states to guarantee full suffrage for blacks; ratify 14th amendment

South to gain removal of last troops from Reconstruction; North wins Hayes as president Business and Labor: The Gilded Age (1865-1900) & Progressivism and Populism (1900-1920)

achieved an abnormal rise in class system (steel industry), pioneered vertical integration (controlled MesabieRange to ship ore to Pittsburgh), opposed monopolies, usedpartnership of steel tycoons (Henry Clay Frick as amanager/partner), Bessemer steel process

small oil companies sold stock and authority to Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company (consolidation), cornered world petroleum market

Standard Oil Company, ruthless business tactics (survival of the fittest)

beginnings of trusts (destruction of competition); vertical- controlling every aspect ofproduction (control quality, eliminate middlemen - Rockefeller);horizontal- consolidating with competitors to monopolize a market(highly detrimental)

forbade restraint of trade and did not distinguish good from bad trusts, ineffective due to lack of enforcement mechanism (waited for Clayton Anti-Trust Act)

decision under Sherman Anti-Trust Act shot down by Supreme Court – sugar refining was manufacturing rather than trade/commerce

founded by William Sylvis(1866); supported 8-hour workday, convict labor, federal department oflabor, banking reform, immigration restrictions to increase wages,women; excluded blacks

founded by Uriah Stephens (1869); excluded corrupt and well-off; equal female pay, end to child/convict labor, employer-employee relations, proportional income tax; “bread and butter” unionism (higher wages, shorter hours, better conditions)

Knights of Labor leader, opposed strikes, producer-consumer cooperation, temperance, welcomed blacks and women (allowing segregation)

craft unions that left the Knights (1886), led by Gompers, women left out of recruitment efforts

focused on skilled workers (harder to replace than unskilled), coordinated crafts unions, supported 8- hour workday and injury liability

fearing the rise of labor unions, corporations forced new employees to sign and promise not to be part of a union

detectives hired by employers as private police force, often used to end strikes

10-year moratorium on Chinese immigration to reduce competition for jobs (Chinese willing to work for cheap salaries)

bomb thrown at protest rally, police shot protestors, caused great animosity in employers for workers’ unions

led railroad workers in Pullman Strike, arrested; Supreme Court (decision in re Debs) legalized use of injunction (court order) against unions and strikes

natural selection applied to human competition, advocated by Herbert Spencer, William Graham Sumner

single tax on speculated land to ameliorate industrialization misery

state-run economy to provide conflict-free society

working class exploited for profit, proletariat (workers) to revolt and inherit all society

led architectural movement to create building designs that reflected buildings’ functions, especially in Chicago

electric light, phonograph, mimeograph, Dictaphone, moving pictures

– created Interstate Commerce Commission to require railroads to publish rates (less discrimination, short/long haul), first legislation to regulate corporations, ineffective ICC

stressed role of church and religion to improve city life, led by preachers Walter Raushenbusch and Washington Gladen; influenced settlement house movement and Salvation Army

helped lead settlement house movement, co- founded NAACP, condemned war and poverty; Jane Addams’s pioneer settlement house (center for women’s activism and social reform) in Chicago

established by “General” William Booth, uniformed volunteers provided food, shelter, and employment tofamilies, attracted poor with lively preaching and marching bands inorder to instill middle-class virtues

old immigrants from northern and western Europe came seeking better life; newimmigrants came from southern and eastern Europe searching foropportunity to escape worse living conditions back home and oftendid not stay in the US

Victorian standards confined women to the home to create an artistic environment as a statement of cultural aspirations

leader of Tammany Hall, gained large sums of money through the political machine, prosecuted by Samuel Tilden and sent to jail

Democratic political machine in NYC, “supported” immigrants and poor people of the city, who were needed for Democratic election victories

• attacked industrial elite, called for business regulation, publisher refused
• works breaking with Victorian ideals

writing took a more realistic approach on the world, regionalist writers focused on local life (Sarah Orne Jewett), naturalist writers focused on economy and psychology (Stephen Crane)

government compromised to buy and coin $2-4 million/month; government stuck to minimum and inflation did not occur (lower prices); economy grew

Republican candidate for president in 1884, quintessence of spoils system; highly disgusted the mugwumps (many Republicans turned to Democrat Cleveland)

effectively ended spoils system and established civil service exams for all government positions, under Pres. Garfield

Southern and Midwestern farmers expressing discontent, supported free silver and subtreasury plan (cash advance on future crop – farmers had little cash flow during the year), criticized national banks

supported expanded money supply, health/safety regulations, benefits for workers and farmers, granger(farmer)-supported

emerged from Farmers’ Alliance movement (when subtreasury plan was defeated in Congress), denouncedEastern Establishment that suppressed the working classes;Ignatius Donnelly (utopian author), Mary E Lease, JerrySimpson

blacks who went to prison taken out and used for labor in slave-like conditions, enforced southern racial hierarchy

Civil Rights Act of 1875 declared unconstitutional by Supreme Court, as the fourteenth amendmentprotected people from governmental infringement of rights and hadno effect on acts of private citizens

Supreme Court legalized the “separate but equal” philosophy

private property subject to government regulation when property is devoted to public interest; against railroads

Coxey and unemployed followers marched on Washington for support in unemployment relief by inflationary public works program

8,000 businesses collapsed (including railroads); due to stock market crash, overbuilding of railroads, heavy farmerloans, economic disruption by labor efforts, agricultural depression;decrease of gold reserves led to Cleveland’s repeal of Sherman Silver Purchase Act

workers unable to escape (locked into factory), all died; further encouraged reform movements for working conditions

head of federal Division of Forestry, contributed to Roosevelt’s natural conservation efforts

increase working output by standardizing procedures and rewarding those who worked fast; efficiency

supported Socialists, militant unionists and socialists, advocated strikes and sabotaging politics, aimed for an umbrella union similar to Knights of Labor, ideas too radical for socialist cause

leader of IWW, from Western Federation of Miners

satirized wealthy captains of industry, workers and engineers as better leaders of society

activist government to serve all citizens (cf. Alexander Hamilton); founded New Republic magazine

law meant to evolve as society evolves, opposed conservative majority

given by BTW (Booker T. Washington) to ease whites’ fears of integration, assuring them that separate but equal was acceptable, ideas challenged by DuBois

uncovered the “dirt” on corruption and harsh quality of city/working life; heavily criticized by Theodore Roosevelt; Ida Tarabell (oil companies), David Graham Phillips (Senate), AschenSchool (child labor – photography), mass magazinesMc C l u re’s andCollier’s

revealed unsanitary nature of meat-packing industry, inspired Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

political muckraking cartoonist, refused bribes to stop criticism

created the Wisconsin Idea (as governor of Wisconsin) – regulated railroad, direct-primary system, increased corporate taxes, reference library for lawmakers

made it illegal to transport women across state borders for “immoral purposes,” violated by black boxer Jack Johnson (w/ white woman)

led by Francis Willard, powerful “interest group” following the civil war, urged women’s suffrage, led to Prohibition

women must gain economic rights in order to impact society (cf. rising divorce rates)

Northern Securities Company (JP Morgan and James G. Hill - railroads) seen by Roosevelt as “bad” trust, Supreme Court upheld his first trust-bust

first “modern” president, moderate who supported progressivism (at times conservative), bypassedcongressional opposition (cf. Jackson), significant role in worldaffairs

Roosevelt and Pinchot sided on conservation rather than preservation (planned and regulated use of forest lands for public and commercial uses)

“trustbuster” (busted twice as many as Roosevelt), conservation and irrigation efforts, Postal Savings Bank System, Payne-Aldrich Tariff (reduction of tariff, caused Republican split)

party formed from Republican split by Roosevelt, more progressive values, leaving “Republican Old Guard” to control Republican party

Democratic candidate 1912, stood for antitrust, monetary change, and tariff reduction; far less active than Roosevelt, Clayton Anti-trust Act (to enforce Sherman), Child Labor Act

created Federal Reserve System, regional banks set up for twelve separate districts, final authority of eachbank lay with the Federal Reserve Board, paper money to be issued“Federal Reserve Notes”