AP Biology 1st quarter

• author "me"
• tags "Bio"
• description "Daily words"
• fileName "AP Biology"
• freezingBlueDBID -1.0
• Biology
• The scientific study of life

All the changes that have transformed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity that characterizes it today

An experiment in which an experimental group is compared with a control group that varies only in the factor being tested

An explaination that is broad in scope, generated new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence

The outer most energy shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons involved in the chemical reations of that atom

The dimensional space where an electorn is found 90% of the time

The attraction of a give atom for the electrons of a covalent bond

Weak attractions between molecules that result from localized charge fluctuations

One of several compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties

A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions

A long moecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together

The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer

Any of several membrane-enclosed structure with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells

The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell related either through direct physical ccontract or by the transfer of membranous vesicles; includes smooth & rough ER, golgi apparatus lysosomes, and vacuoles

Having both a hydrophilic and hydrophobic region

A channel protein in the plasma membrane of the plant, animal, or microorganism cell that specifically facilitates osmosis, the diffusion of H2O across the membrane

The spontaneous tendency of a substance to move down its concentration gradient from a more concentrated area

The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane

The spontaneous passage of molecules and ions, bound to specific carrier proteins, across a biological membrane down their concentration gradients

The movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration or electrochemical gradient with help of energy in put and specific transport proteins

The ability of a solution to cause a cell within it to gain or lose water

Having the same solute concentration as another solution

The comparing two solutions, refering to the one with a lower solute concentration

In comparing two solutions, referring to one with a lower solute concentration

A mechanism linking a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a specific cellular response

A molecule that bind specifically to a receptor site of mother molecule

An enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein

A GTP binding protein that relays signals from a plasma membrane signal reception, known as a G-protein-linked receptor, to other Signal transduction proteins inside the cell. When such a receptor is activated, it binds a molecule of GTP in place of GDP. Hydrolysis of the (something) GTP to GDP inactiviates the protein

An enzyme that removes phosphate groups from proteins, often functioning to remorse the effect of a protein kinase

A small nonprotein, water soluble molecule or ion, such as calcium ion or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell's interior in response to a signal received by a signal receptor protein

A type of large relay protein to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached to increase the efficiency of signal transduction

The changes that occur within the cell as it undergoes programmed cell death, which is brought about by signals that trigger the activation of a cascade of suicide proteins in the cell destined to die

A specialized region on the centromere that links each sister chromatid to mitotic spindle

The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane. Also the succession of rapid cell divisons without growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote into a ball of cells

A cancerous tumor that is invasive enough to impair the functions of one or more organs

The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site

A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds

A metabolic pathway That synthesizes a complex molecule from simpler compounds

A spontaneous chemical reaction, in which there is a net release of free energy

A nonspontaneous chemical reaction, in which free energy is from the surroundings

A chemical agent That changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

The portiond of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system. The change of a system is calculated by the equation ^G=^H-T^S, where T is temperature

A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substance whose structure it mimics

A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate

A catabolic pathway that consumes oxygen and organic molecules, producing ATP

A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid

The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction

The addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction

The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain

An energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP. Most ATP sysnthesis in cells occurs by this process.

The incorperation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by an autotropic organism (a plant, another photosynthetic organism, or a chemoautotrophic prokaryote).

A metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen, releases carbon dioxide, generates no ATP, and decreases photosynthetic output; generally occurs on hot, dry, bright days when stomata close and oxygen concentration in the leaf exceeds that of carbon dioxide