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Adams-Onis Treaty
remainder of Florida sold by Spain to US, boundary of Mexico defined
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Monroe Doctrine
Europeans should not interfere with affairs in Western Hemisphere, Americans to stay out of foreign affairs; supported Washington’s goal for US neutrality in Americas
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Election of 1824
“corrupt bargain” and backroom deal for JQ Adams to win over Jackson
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Georgia cannot enforce American laws on Indian tribes
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National Road
(Age of Jackson (1820-1850))
part of transportation revolution, from Cumberland MD to Wheeling WVa, toll road network; stimulated Western expansion
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Nullification Controversy
southern states (especially South Carolina) believed that they had the right to judge federal laws unconstitutional and therefore not enforce them
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Marshall Court (all cases)
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Marbury v. Madison (judicial review), McChulloch v. Maryland (loose Constitutionalinterpretation, constitutionality of National Bank, states cannotcontrol government agencies), Gibbons v. Ogden (interstatecommerce controlled by Congress), Fletcher v. Peck (valid contractcannot be broken, state law voided), Dartmouth College v.Woodward (charter cannot be altered without both parties’ consent)
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Burned-Over District
heavily evangelized to the point there were no more people left to convert to other religions, upstateNew York, home to the beginning of Smith’s Mormonismmovement
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Seneca Falls Convention of 1848
for women’s rights, organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, modeled requests after the Declaration of Independence
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton
organized Seneca Falls Convention, founded (with Anthony) National Women Suffrage Organization
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Angelina and Sarah Grimké
fought for women’s rights and abolition, “Men and women are CREATED EQUAL!”
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Dorothea Dix
worked towards asylums for the mentally insane, worked alongside Mann
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John Humphrey Noyes/Oneida Community
John Noyes, New York; utopian society for communalism, perfectionism, and complex marriage
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New Harmony
first Utopian society, by Robert Owen
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Hudson River School
American landscape painting rather than Classical subjects
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Transcendentalism
founded by Emerson, strong emphasis on spiritual unity (God, humanity, and nature), literature with strong references to nature
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• Henry David Thoreau(Walden and On Civil Disobedience)
in Brook Farm Community, lived in seclusion for two years writing Walden, proved that man could provide for himself without materialistic wants Slavery and Sectionalism (1845-1860)
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Nat Turner’s Rebellion
Nat Turner led a slave rebellion in Virginia, attacked many whites, prompted non-slaveholding Virginians to consider emancipation
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Yeoman Farmers
family farmers who hired out slaves for the harvest season, self-sufficient, participated in local markets alongside slave owners
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“Wage slaves”
northern factory workers who were discarded when too old to work (unlike the slaves who were still kept fed and clothed in their old age)
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Nativism
anti-immigrant, especially against Irish Catholics
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Stephen Austin
American who settled in Texas, one of the leaders for Texan independence from Mexico
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James K. Polk
- “dark horse” Democratic candidate; acquired majority of the western US (Mexican Cession, Texas Annexation,
- Oregon Country), lowered tariffs, created Independent Treasury
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Oregon and “Fifty-four Forty or Fight!”
Oregon Territory owned jointly with Britain, Polk severed its tie to Britain, forced to settle for compromise south of 49° rather than 54°40’
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
acquired Mexican Cession (future California, Arizona, and New Mexico); Mexico acknowledged American annexation of Texas
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Wilmot Proviso
slavery to be barred in all territory ceded from Mexico; never fully passed Congress
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William Seward
Secretary of State under Lincoln and Johnson; purchase of Alaska “Seward’s Folly”
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1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico,(3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federalassumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6)new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A.Douglas
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Know-Nothing (American) Party
opposed to all immigration, strongly anti-Catholic
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Kansas-Nebraska Act
- territory split into Kansas and Nebraska, popular sovereignty (Kansas slave, Nebraska free); proposed by
- Stephen A. Douglas
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Lecompton Constitution
proslavery constitution in Kansas, supported by Buchanan, freesoilers against it (victorious), denied statehood until after secession
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John Brown
led Pottawatomie Massacre, extreme abolitionist who believed he was doing God’s work
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Pottawatomie Creek (May 1856)
John Brown and his sons slaughtered five men as a response to the election fraud in Lawrence and the caning of Sumner in Congress
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Republican Party
formed in response to Kansas-Nebraska Act, banned in the South, John C Fremont first presidential candidate
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Harpers Ferry (1859)
Brown aimed to create an armed slave rebellion and establish black free state; Brown executed and became martyr in the North
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Dred Scott v. Sandford
slaves could not sue in federal courts (blacks no longer considered citizens), slaves could not be takenfrom masters except by the law, Missouri Compromiseunconstitutional, Congress not able to prohibit slavery in a state
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Freeport Doctrine
Douglas was able to reconcile the Dred Scott Decision with popular sovereignty; voters would be ableto exclude slavery by not allowing laws that treated slaves asproperty
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20-Negro Law
exempted those who owned or oversaw twenty or more slaves from service in the Confederate Army; “rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight”
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Anaconda plan
the Union planned a blockade that would not allow supplies of any sort into the Confederacy; control the Mississippi and Atlantic/Gulf of Mexico
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Ulysses S. Grant
- won battles in the West and raised northern morale (esp. Shiloh, Fort Henry, and Fort Donelson), made Union
- commanding general
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William T. Sherman
pushed through northern Georgia, captured Atlanta, “march to the sea” (total war and destruction), proceeded to South Carolina
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Robert E. Lee
opposed to slavery and secession, but stayed loyal to Virginia, despite offer for command of Union Army
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