Human Development Exam 2 - 3

• Emotions - Building block of personality
• Termperament
• Attachment

• Basic Hunger
• Anger
• Pain
• Present at birth
• Form of communication
• Responding to crying is important to future development

• Reflexive: soon after birth
• Social: 2 months

• suprise, joy, anger, sadness, fear, digust
• cross cultural

• empathy, jealousy, embarassment, pride
• not apparent, not universal
• require awarness of

check with mom to see if ok

Temperament

• An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding emotionally
• Have different emotional styles

Conducted 1st study of infant temperament

• Longitudinal study
• 2-3 months through adulthood at regular intervals
• Intenseive interviews with mothers
• Ratings on 9 dimensions
• 9 dimensions formed the basis of a typology of four types of babies

• Easy babies (40%)
• Difficult babies (10%)
• Slow-to-warm babies (15%)
• Average babies (35%)

• Individual differences in temperament are evident shortly after birth and persist over the years dispite differences in parenting
• Temperament is the how (style) of behavior and is distinct from the (abilities) and why (motivation) of behavior.

"Goodness of fit" between child's temperament and parental style predicts child outcome.

• Conducted study temperament of shyness
• Inhibition to unfamiliar (e.g., shyness with strangers)
• -very important features of temperament
• -20% negative to new stimuli
• -40% positive to new stimuli
• -shy as adult
• -not fault, learn to live with

• Kagan proposed that temperamental differences are related to inborn differences in brain structure and chemistry:
• He found inhibited children have:
• -Higher resting heart rates
• -Greater increase in pupil size in response to unfamilar
• -Higher levels of cortisol (released with stress)

• Conducted experiment on attachment with monkeys
• Abnormal monkeys
• Comfort more important
• Movement important to attachment
• Substitute doesn't work

• Early work with maladjusted children
• Film: A Two Year Old Goes to the Hospital
• Mary Ainsowrth

• Educated in Canada
• Research in England with Bowlby
• Development of Strange Situation
• Identification of Attachment Patterns
• Return to University of Virginia
• Award for Distinguished Contributions to Child Development

• Experiment that involves a parent and an infant with a stranger.
• Shows attachment patterns

• Insecure
• Secure

• An attachment that the infant use caregiver as secure base
• re-establish relationship

• Avoidant - don't care, don't re-establish
• Resistant - inconsistent parenting
• Disorganized - don't know what to do

Basic Trust vs. Basic Mistrust

• Automony vs. Shame and Doubt
• Moral development and self control
• Shift - move on to becoming more automony

• Personal agency
• Self-coherence
• Self-warness
• Separation and individuation (second year of life)

• Autonomy (sense that they can do things)
• Shame and doubt (feeling of insecurity about abilities resulting from excessive impatience and criticism)
• Implications for adjustment in adolescence

• Right and wrong
• habits of society

Conscience includes both emotinal discomfort about wrongdoing and ability to refrain from doing it

Follow orders without reminders

Need reminder

• Suck up
• Beyond committed compliance

Study of consciousness at Iowa