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Ancestors left Africa
150,000-200,000 years ago
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loss of heat to a cool surface
conduction
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warm layer of air around you exchanges with cool layer of air; cold feeling.
convection
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carries heat away from your body, raises heat in the room
radiation
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shortening and thickening of body parts; rule of attenuation
allen's rule
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increased surface are to mass in hot climes
Bergman's rule
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1 degree/gram of substance/degree celcius
specific heat
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chemical analysis and regulation
which salts?
- hypothalamus
- sodium and potassium
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to urniate away sodium
who has it?
- naturiuatic hormone
- Europeans
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north and south of 66 degrees 30 minutes
arctic circle
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20 degrees of either side of the equator
tropics
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prob with gas exchange at 0 humidity
membrane between vessel and airsac must be moist
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mucus covered surface area inside the nose for moistues
turbuinates
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flat face: wind chill effect; why?
low pressure sucks out heat
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how much extra weight deos the female need?
10%
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Asian cold adapptiaions
- epicathic eye fold
- no or reduced sinusus
- flat nose
- flaired cheek bones
- facial foramina
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1 lb of fat =
two meals; 800 cal
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frogs do what in winter?
esturnate
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cell membrane made of:
unsaturated fatty acids
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austrailian aboriginies cold sleep cycle length
mechanisms?
- 45 min
- vasoconstriction
- shivering
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white people response to cold
length of cycle?
- Hunter's-Flush reaction
- 15 min
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ionising radiation (3)
- nutrinos
- cosmic/thermal radiation
- UV
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High altitude
3000 meters/10,000 feet
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skin unctions 3
- acid mantle- protection
- synthasis-vit. D, hormones
- holesterol, folic acid
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how mant air sacs?
how many more for high altitude adaptation?
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sea level RBC
high altitude RBC
- 3-3.5 million
- 4-6.5 million
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how many O2 can hemoglobin carry?
4 molecules
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square feet of capillare surface area?
75 square feet
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saroche
hypoxia; mountain sickness
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makes you make more red blood calls
where
- erythropopetin
- in bone marrow
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high altiue person at sea level problem
polycythemia
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trial and error eating
agonistic behavior
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what makes craving/drive
communication between the hypothalamus and cortex; face
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Aversion mechanisms
gustatory
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goiter
cure?
thyroid swelling
iodie
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E=mtre
- # of people
- time
- rate of consumption
- efficency
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after is was eaten
enteric
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three levels host-parasite co-evolution
- parasitism- virulance
- commencalism-tolerance
- mutualism- benificial
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new cases of disease per unit time
number of cases at a time
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animal born infections
zoonoses
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2 kinds of immunity
- general- general/keeps out
- adaptive-specific
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adaptive immunity of skin and mucos membranes (3)
- normal flora
- acid mantle
- secretions- lysozymes
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secretions (2)
- defensins- antibiotics
- compliments- opsonins "dressings", MAC (membrane attack complex)
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"dressings" process (3)
- called opsonins
- dress bacteric
- macrophage eats it
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equals hydrostatic pressure of the heart
inflamiation
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two halves of adaptive immunity
- B-cell system
- T-call system
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immunity chromosome?
genes?
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moms antibodies in her...
cholostrom and milk
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B-cell system; new pathogen process in a nut shell (3)
- presentation complex
- cloning selection
- keep memory cells
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old pathoigen?
- skin presentation
- skip clonal selection
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T-cell system when? (3)
- pathogen goes inside a cell
- cancer
- kick in B-cell system
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Go wrong with immune system? (3)
- hypo-immunity- nutrition/genetic (antivodies are made of protien)
- hyper-immunity- allergies
- auto -immune- no see self-marker
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type 1 reaction
anaphalactic reaction
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magic number for people groups? We they reality/ face recognition stops
300-400
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number one guy in agg society
redistributive agent
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city with salt and no agg.
Jericho
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band to agriculture
territoriality to boundary
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alters the breeding structure of a population (3)
- infection
- starvation
- trauma
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