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What is congnition??
the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
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What are concepts?
a mental grouping of similiar objects, events, idea, or people
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prototype
mental emage or best example of a category
provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category
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algorithm
method logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
(ex. trying to bake the perfect cake from scratch)
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heuristic
simple thinking strategy that oftem allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently
(speedier but more error prone.)
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insight
sudden flash of inspiration
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What are the two cognitive tendencies?
confirmation bias and fixation
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confirmation bias
confirming a hypothesis with facts
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fixation
inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective
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types of fixation
mental set and functional fixedness
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mental state
approaching a problem in a particular way, that has been successful in the past
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fuctional fixedness
tendency to perceive the functions of objects as fixed and unchanged
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reprresentaiveness heuristics
judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent.
(may lead one to ignore other relevant information)
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availability heuristic
estimating events based on their availability in memory
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framing
the way an issue is posed
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belief bias
the tendency for one's preexisiting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
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belief perserverance
clinging to one's initial conceptions after proven wrong
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artificial intelligence
programming a computer to think like a human
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phoneme
smallest distictive sound unit
- (consonants are more imormative than vowels)
- (changes in phonmems produce changes in meaning)
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morpheme
smallest unit that careied meaning
(prefix)
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grammar
a system of rules (semantics and syntax) that enables us to communicate with each other.
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semantics
- set of rules to derive meaning from morphomes; study of meaning
- (ex. adding -ed to make past tense)
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syntax
rules we use to order words into sentences
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babbling stage
3 to 4 months
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one-word stage
age 1 to 2
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two word stage
age 2: telegraphoc speech: evidence of grammar
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rapid language acqusition after 2 years
complex sentences and double meaning
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Skinner theory
language develops with association, imitaion, reinforcement
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objective to skinner
deaf children learn to speak
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chomsky's theory
inborn universal grammar
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objectives to chomsky
overgeneralization
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cognitive neroscientist
learn 1st few years when the brain is sill fresh
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lingustic determinism
whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think
(may not determine but does influence what we think)
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thinking without language
- procedural memory
- think in images (ex. stop sign)
- think w/o awareness (ex. instinct)
- language influences thinking and thinking influences language
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do animals think??
animals do think
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do animals communicate?
communicate but not with language: communicate fo survival
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