Cell Cycle

• Form of "Asexual Production"
• 
• 2 daughter cells are identical to parent, (if parent is flawed-> both daughter cells are flawed)

Body Cells (except sperm and egg) that are Eukaryotes.

46

• Chromosomes #1-22
• Carry genes for traits other than sex chromosomes

• 23
• ex. (N=23) 2(n) = 2(23) = 46

• Haploid= 1 "1(n)"
• Diploid= 2 "2(n)"
• Triploid= 3 "(n)"

ex. Organism with 15 chromosomes gets 3 sets.... 3(15) = 45 (Triploid)

• Starts with 1 cell and forms 2 daughter cells
• Interphase (happens majority of time) has 3 phases:
• -G1: Cell grows (expands)
• -S: Duplicate DNA
• -G2: Cell Preps for Mitosis

Then comes "Mitotic phase"

• 1st stage of Mitosis
• 
• Cytoplasm: Formation of centrosomes and spindle fibers
• Nucleus: Original DNA attaches to copied DNA

• 2nd Stage of Mitosis
• 
• Nucleus dissapears
• spindle fibers attach to chromosomes

• 3rd Stage in Mitosis
• 
• Chromosomes are lined up in the middle of the cell

• 4th Stage in Mitosis
• 
• Spindle fibers pull chromosomes to edges

• 5th Stage of Mitosis
• 
• Cytoplasm: Centrosomes and spindle fibers disappear
• Nucleus forms
• Middle part is the Pinching "Cleavage Furrow"

• Seperate cytoplasm formation of 2 daughter cells
• 
• Cell wall is the difference between plant and animal cell. Animal cell has cleavage furrow and plant cell has cell plate.

• Repair
• Make new cells
• Grow

• Cancer:
• flaw in cell cycle
• leads to tumor
• tumor: mass of abnormal cells

• 
• 1) Starts out with tumor and glandalour tissue
• 2) Tumor cells invade neighboring tissue
• 3) Metastasize: Cancer moves through circulatory system due to blood vessels attaching to tumor cells

Benign Tumor: Remains at site of origin and disrupts function of surrounding organ

Malignant Tumor: Spreads

• Carcinomas: External or internal lining (Skin/organs)
• Sarcomas: Tissue that supports body (Bones and muscle)
• Lukemias: Blood forming tissue

• Contain Sperm and Egg
• Form of "Sexual reproduction"
• Haploid- 1 set of chromosomes

• Meiosis:
• 
• Starts with diploid cell (2n)
• One diploid tunrs into 4 haploids
• 2 cell division can lead to "crossing over" where DNA switches between homologous chromosomes

chromosomes 1, 12, 23 come together.

• 1) Karyotyping: Display of chromosomes
• Autosomes:
• a) Down Syndrome- individual has extra #21 chromosome and is sexually undeveloped (XXX) trisomy

• Sex Chromosomes:
• a) Kline Felter Syndrome: XXY (affects men) where men have smaller testes and enlarged breasts, sterol.
• b) Turner Syndrome X "single X"(Affects women) -Physical features altered (short stature, flat face, extra skin on neck)
• -sterol
• -normal intelligence

• XXY- Males taller than most men
• XXX- Females: no intelligence issue