Human devlopment Exam 2 - 2

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What are the 6 theoretical conceptualizations?
- Behavioristic
- Psychometric
- Piagetian
- Infromation Processing
- Cognitive Neuroscience
- Social Contextual
Behavioristic Approaches
- Classical Conditioning
- Operant Conditioning
- How behavior changes as result of experience
Psychometric Approaches
- The psychometric appproach reports on how well they solve problems, particularly compared to other children
- Related to testing; measure intelligence
- Don't answer how well
- test & quanity
Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development
- 1 month to 3 1/2 years
- 45-60 minutes to admister
- Mental scale
- Motor scale
- Infant behavior profile
- asses of infant devlopment
- 3 components
- respond to series of stimuli
What are Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development?
- Sensorimotor (Birth to 2 years)
- Preoperational (2-7 years)
- Concrete operations (7-11 years)
- Formal Operations (11 years to adulthood)
Piaget: How do Children Devlop cognitively?
- Schemes - action or representation that categorize things
- Assimilation and Accommodation - change schemes to fit new things
- Organization - group isolated thougth or behavior into a category
- Explain how children construct understanding of the world
Information processing
How do infants larn to solve problems?
- Encoding, storage, and use of information
- Most accepted view
Information Processing Map
Information Processing Approaches
A few approaches used in information processing...
- Habituation
- Violation of expectations
Habituation
- Infants prefer to pay attention to novel sensory experiences
- When they are "used to" (habituated) a stimulus, they will resume normal activities
- When introduced to a novel stimulus, they will stop their normal activity to pay attention (dishabituation)
Violation of expectations
- Allows the researcher to assess what infants "expect"
- Familiarization phase
- Event that violates expectations
- Looking longer indicates surprise and understanding that something usual has happened
Cognitive Neuroscience
How do infants learn to solve problems?
- Study of biological underpinnings of cognition
- Examines relationship of cognitive functions to neural/brain activity
Neuroscience Research
Memory Systems
- Brain structures associated with memory do not develop until the second helf of the first year
- Object permanence may rely on the development of these prefrontal structures
Neuroscience Research:
Understanding Number
- Violation of expection paradigm
- Objects and Opaque square study
Social Contextual Approach
How do infants learn to solve problems?
- Influened by Vygotsky
- Social interactions influence cognitive competence
- guided participantion
- Cross cultural differences
- Develop cognitive ability through scaffolding
Environmental influences on cognitive development
- Nutrition
- Poverty
- Longitidinal study
- Nourished vs not nourished group
Early Intervention: Day Care Approach
- Abecedarian Intervention program
- Ramey and colleagues
- Early intervention: child care and medical vs only medical
Abecedarian Results

Childcare reduce placement in special ed.
Genie
- Girl who was isolated from world
- Didn't devloped language skills and didn't devloped cognitvely very well due to isolation and abuse
First three years: Language development
- Crying (birth)
- Cooing (1-2 months)
- Babbling (6 months)
- Gestures (8-12 months)
- First words (10-14 months)
- Naming explosion (16-24 months)
- First telegraphic sentences (18-24 months)
- Sentences with increasing complex syntax (20 to 30 months)
Theories of Language Development
B.F. Skinner
- Chains of responses acquired through reinforcement
- Does not explain creation of novel sentences
- Does not explain learning of syntax
- Learned by being reinforce
Theories of Language Development
Noam Chomsky
- Human are biological predisposed to learn language
- Language Acquisition Devise (LAD): biological endowment that enables language acquisition
- Inborn
Theories of Language Development
Favorable evidence
- Unifromity of language milestones across cultures
- Children create language in absence of input
Theories of Language Development
Unfavorable evidence

Does not explain differences in language acquisition abilities
Enhancing Language Development: Motherese
- Reading facilitate language development
- Baby talking - way of engaging

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Human devlopment Exam 2 - 2

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notes from lectures

Updated

2011-04-05T20:22:55Z

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