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Human devlopment Exam 2 - 2
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What are the 6 theoretical conceptualizations?
Behavioristic
Psychometric
Piagetian
Infromation Processing
Cognitive Neuroscience
Social Contextual
Behavioristic Approaches
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
How behavior changes as result of experience
Psychometric Approaches
The psychometric appproach reports on how well they solve problems, particularly compared to other children
Related to testing; measure intelligence
Don't answer how well
test & quanity
Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development
1 month to 3 1/2 years
45-60 minutes to admister
Mental scale
Motor scale
Infant behavior profile
asses of infant devlopment
3 components
respond to series of stimuli
What are Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor
(Birth to 2 years)
Preoperational
(2-7 years)
Concrete
operations (7-11 years)
Formal Operations
(11 years to adulthood)
Piaget: How do Children Devlop cognitively?
Schemes
- action or representation that categorize things
Assimilation
and Accommodation - change schemes to fit new things
Organization
- group isolated thougth or behavior into a category
Explain how children construct understanding of the world
Information processing
How do infants larn to solve problems?
Encoding, storage, and use of information
Most accepted view
Information Processing Map
Information Processing Approaches
A few approaches used in information processing...
Habituation
Violation of expectations
Habituation
Infants prefer to pay attention to novel sensory experiences
When they are "used to" (habituated) a stimulus, they will resume normal activities
When introduced to a novel stimulus, they will stop their normal activity to pay attention (dishabituation)
Violation of expectations
Allows the researcher to assess what infants "expect"
Familiarization phase
Event that violates expectations
Looking longer indicates surprise and understanding that something usual has happened
Cognitive Neuroscience
How do infants learn to solve problems?
Study of biological underpinnings of cognition
Examines relationship of cognitive functions to neural/brain activity
Neuroscience Research
Memory Systems
Brain structures associated with memory do not develop until the second helf of the first year
Object permanence may rely on the development of these prefrontal structures
Neuroscience Research:
Understanding Number
Violation of expection paradigm
Objects and Opaque square study
Social Contextual Approach
How do infants learn to solve problems?
Influened by Vygotsky
Social interactions influence cognitive competence
guided participantion
Cross cultural differences
Develop cognitive ability through scaffolding
Environmental influences on cognitive development
Nutrition
Poverty
Longitidinal study
Nourished vs not nourished group
Early Intervention: Day Care Approach
Abecedarian Intervention program
Ramey and colleagues
Early intervention
: child care and medical vs only medical
Abecedarian Results
Childcare reduce placement in special ed.
Genie
Girl who was isolated from world
Didn't devloped language skills and didn't devloped cognitvely very well due to isolation and abuse
First three years: Language development
Crying (birth)
Cooing (1-2 months)
Babbling (6 months)
Gestures (8-12 months)
First words (10-14 months)
Naming explosion
(16-24 months)
First telegraphic sentences (18-24 months)
Sentences with increasing complex syntax (20 to 30 months)
Theories of Language Development
B.F. Skinner
Chains of responses acquired through reinforcement
Does not explain creation of novel sentences
Does not explain learning of syntax
Learned by being reinforce
Theories of Language Development
Noam Chomsky
Human are biological predisposed to learn language
Language Acquisition Devise (LAD)
: biological endowment that enables language acquisition
Inborn
Theories of Language Development
Favorable evidence
Unifromity of language milestones across cultures
Children create language in absence of input
Theories of Language Development
Unfavorable evidence
Does not explain differences in language acquisition abilities
Enhancing Language Development: Motherese
Reading facilitate language development
Baby talking - way of engaging
Author
skyy22
ID
77599
Card Set
Human devlopment Exam 2 - 2
Description
notes from lectures
Updated
2011-04-05T20:22:55Z
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