chapter 20

• 1. transporting
• 2. Regulation
• 3. Protection

• 1. Plasma = liquid matrix
• 2.Formed elements = RBCs,WBCs, Platelets (not cells)

• differ from intertistial fluids in concentratiion of gases and proteins
• more oxygen, less carbondioxide
• more large, dissolved globular proteins

(fluid around cells that left the blood capillaries)

intertistial fluid + plasma + lymph

• synthesized in liver
• 1. Albumins - smallest, most abundant
• 2. Globulins
• 3. Fibrinogen - largest
• 4. Other - hormones, digested materials, antibacterial proteins

• osmotic pressure
• transport fatty acids, steroid hormones

• Immune response
• immunoglobulins = antibodies
• transport metal ions, lipids, fat-soluble vitamins, hormones
• insoluble or filtered out by kidneys

• clotting reaction - fibrin strands
• Serum - blood minus clotting proteins (wat left after clotting process)

• Biconcave disc (large surface area)
• the shape give strength and flexibility
• transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
• no nucleus, mitochondria, ER or ribosomes (anaerobic)
• have bags of hemoglobin
• form stacks (rouleau)

1 Hb molecule = 4 globin protein units - each with 1 heme molecule

• 1 iron atom
• iron binds w/c oxygen (weak and reversible)

• caused by change in one amino acid in Hb molecule
• Hb - forms stiff rods, spiky and sharp, cresent shape
• rupture and dam up small vessels
• treatment = blood transfusion; bone marrow transplant

• determined by surface markers (antigens) on RBC's
• genetically determined

• A, B or none (only inherit 2 genes)
• Rh (D)

A antigen markers

B antigen markers

both A & B antigen markers

none

Rh marker present on RBC cell membrane

no Rh marker (antigen)

Type O (universal donor)

• is another type of antigen found on RBCs
• Rh+ has Rho (D) antigens
• Rh - does not
• Can cause problems when Rh- mother has Rh+ babies
• - At birth, mother may be exposed to Rh+ blood of fetus
• - In later pregnancies mom produces Rh antibodies

• small percentage circulate, blood provide transportation to tissue
• Fight disease and infection
• chemotaxis - attracted to chemical signs of inflammation or infection

Neutrophils - bacterial-killinggranules, active phagocytes (very mobile), short llife, chemical attract other neutrophils to site, have lobe nucleus, most numerous of WBCs, abt twice as big as RBCs

Eosinophils - go after foreign compounds that have reacted with antibodies, reduce and control inflammation, found a lot when you have allergic or parasitic infection, 2 lobes of nuclie, have red granules

Basophils - release histamine, exaggerates inflammation, heparin - prevents clotting, stimulate mast cells (histamine), attract basophils and other WBC, rare, have blue-purple look to cytoplasm, granules so dark, might not see nucleus

Monocytes - largest WBC, free macrophages form if outside bloodstream), highly mobile, phagocytic

Lymphocytes - smallest of WBCs, primary cells of lymphatic system, second most numerous , specific immunity, round nucleus and small size

• megakaryocytes - found in red bone marrow
• contain Ca++, enzymes, serotonin

percentage in order , greatest density to lowest