-
chemical substances that initiate or regulate activity of another organ, system or gland
hormone
-
lvel of hormone in blood regulated by homeostasis mechanism is called
negative feedback
-
referred to as the master gland
pituitary
-
diabetes mellitus is a disorder of?
metabolism
-
hormone produced and secreted by the beta cells of the islets of langerhans in the pancreas
insulin
-
secreated by alpha cells produced by the liver
glucagon
-
balance of glucagon and insulin maninatain_____
constant serum level
-
function of insulin
promote conversion of glucose to glycogen
promote conversion of fatty acid
stimulate protein synthesis
-
who should be screened for diabetes
- anyone over 45
- obese
- ethnic groups
- GDM history
- hypertension
- family history
-
glucose in the urine
glycosuria
-
excessive thirst
polydipsia
-
occurs when body cannot use insulin properly
type 2 DM
-
results when the pancreas cannot match the bodys need or insulin
hyperglycemia
-
GDM when should clients be rechecked
6 weeks after birth
-
diabtes contributing factors
age, weight, excercise, history, ethnicity
-
what is the goal of therapeutic control of DM
control blood sugar
-
what is the cure for diabetes
no cure
-
why do clients with type 1 DM require admin of insulin
to prevent complications of Diabetes
-
diabetes type that requires insulin
type 1
-
determines insulin dosage based on finger stick blood glucose level
sliding scale
-
medication that does not increase insulin but works to make insulin more productive
metformin (glucophage)
-
What do exocrine glands include? What are they responsible for?
Sweat glands & Lacrimal glands
Responsible for secreting substances directly into the ducts that lead to target areas
-
if any part of the endocrine system malfunctions wht can be the result
shift in homeostasis w/ a shift in systemic reactions
-
why is assessment of the endocrine system difficult?
bc components are not in direct contact
-
of all the endocrine parts which gland is the close enough to the body for physical asessment
thyroid gland
-
what glands make up the endocrine system
- pancreas
- pituitary
- hypothalaus
- thyroid
- parathroid
- adrenal
-
where is the pancreas located
horizontally behind the stomach at the level of the first and second lumbar vertebrae
-
what kind of functions does the pancreas have
exocrine and endocrine functions
-
where is the thyroid gland located
in the neck
-
what does the thyroid gland store
iodine
-
what does the thyroid gland produce
thyroxine and triiodothyronine
-
what does the thyroid gland regulate
metabolic rate for carbs, proteins, and fat
-
what does insulin stimulate
active transport of glucose into muscle and adipose tissue cells
-
what will the insulin level look like during times of fasting
insulin will be low but will continue to be secreted along with glucagon
-
dificiency of insulin results in
hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia
-
elevated blood glucose:
hyperglycemia
-
low blood glucose:
hypoglycemia
-
____ is characterized by a group of disrders with chronic hyperglycemia
diabetes mellitus
-
two precursors to diabetes screening:
- 1. IGT (impaired glucose intolerance)= the drink
- 2. IFG (impaired fasting glucose)=reg. lab
-
IGT screening levels:
glucose level of 140-199 mg/dl 2 hours after a glucose overload
-
IFG screening levels:
fasting glucose of 110-125 mg/dl
-
this type of diabetes is usually an absolute insulin deficiency so that clients are insulin dependent
type 1
-
children and adolescents may develop ______ with type 1 DM
ketoacidosis
-
in the abscence of insulin, glucose from food eaten cannot be used or stored and remains in the blood stream resulting in _________
hyperglycemia
-
when blood glucose rises and excretes excess glucose in the urine it results in _______
glycosuria
-
when glucose is eliminated in the urine it also pulls excess water with it, which results in fluid volume deficit that produces sysptoms of _______ & ________
-
insulin deficient Pt.'s with DM1 often have impaired metabolisms with the inability to store glucose which can result in ?
- protein wasting
- weight loss
- increased hunger
-
production of acid called ketones detected in the urine results in diabetic ketoacidosis which is usually seen in which type of DM?
DM type1
-
extremely elevated glucose in type 2 DM results in?
- HHNS
- (hyperosmolor hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome)
-
when is diabetes considered under control?
- 1.when client has ideal body weight & in good health
- 2.preprandial glucose level is 140 mg/dl
- 3.postproandial levels do not rise above 180 mg/dl
-
what does the control of blood glucose involve
- dietary prescription
- exercise plan
- medication
-
who is the manager of a diabetic treatment plan
the client
-
clients with this type of DM will always require insulin to lower the glucose level and prevent complications of DM
type 1
-
what is the cornerstone treatment for DM 2
dietary management
-
what are the types of insulin?
- (VSLIP)
- Very short acting
- Short acting
- Long acting
- Intermediate acting
- Premixed
-
peak action for intermediate acting insulin such as
Humulin R:
Humulin L:
-
peak hours for short acting humulin R insulin
2-4 hrs
-
peak action for log acting humulin U insulin
10-30 hrs
-
peak action for very short acting insulin ranges from:
1/2 - 3 hrs
-
how should insulin always be measured
in insulin syringe
-
what is the only type of insulin that can be given IV.
regular insulin
-
other types of insulin can be administered how?
subq injection
-
____ determines insulin dosage based on fingerstick blood glucose level
sliding scale
-
why is rotation for injections recommended
to prevent lipodystrophy
-
exercise will ______ rate of insulin absorption
increase
-
if a client is planning to exercise, what should be done for the injection of insulin?
do NOT inject into areas to be exercised
-
when mixing a short acting with long acting insulin together what should be done first?
draw up the regular or clear liquid first
-
_____ agents are used to traet persons with type 2 dm who are not controlled with diet and exercise
oral hypoglycemics
-
____ is caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone
gigantism
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