24 fluids and electrolyte

maintenance of the internal environment within very narrow limits

equilibrium that is essential to life

small changes that occur in response to physiologic changes

anything that occupies space and possesses mass. has physical properties such as odor, color ,hardness, and density

basic substances that compose matter

what are elements made up of

smallest unit of chemical structure that no chemical change could alter

what are atoms made up of

this has a positive charge

this has no charge

what charge does an electron have

when atoms of two or more different elements combine they form a ______

an example of a compound

percentage of water in an adult body

percentage of water in a child

percentage of water in an infant

a major component of blood

this is involved in many of the body's physical adn physiological responses

a compound that dissacociates into ions in water

two important gases in the body

how does oxygen get transported to body cells

how does oxygen enter the body

gas produced by cells and transported in blood to lungs

substance that in solution yields hydrogen ions bearing positive charge

substance that when disassociated produces ions that will combine with hydrogen ions

formed when acid adn base react with each other

what is the pH level of the body affected by

how is the number of the pH level determined

pH below 7.35 yields

pH above 7.45 yields

normal pH of arterial blood

substances that attempt to maintain pH range in presence of added acids or bases and act to keep pH of body fluids within normal range is called

ability of membrane to permit substances to pass through

allows passage of only certain substances

if blood pHfalls to 7 or becomes acidic what will happen

what must substances be able to do

the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

pressure exerted against the cell membrane by the water inside a cell

fluids and substances that are forced through cell membranes by hydrostatic pressure

accomplished by means of carrier molecules and can latch onto specific molecules and transport then in or out of cells

requires expenditure of cellular energy

needed for survival and physiologic functioning. cells need a continued source of water, nutrients, oxygen, and mechanism to remove cellular wastes

contains all water and ions inside cells and approximately 65 percent of water in the body is found in this compartment

interstitial fluid, intravascular fluid and other fluids outside the cell

what happens when fluid accumulates in tissue space

when more water is lost from the body than is replaced

estimated water loss through the skin of an average adult

when a person is not aware of water loss

insensible water loss of 400 - 500 ml per day occurs with ______

how much of water is lost per day through feces

organ that maintains fluid balance

how much water do the kidneys lose per day

how much fluids should be replaced

primary source of fluid replacement

what are the regulators of fluid adn electrolyte balance

how much fluid is replaced by metabolism

what group is most at risk for dehydration

main electrolyte that promotes the retention of water

buffer system that works to regulate pH in both intracellular and extracellular fluids

the primary buffer system

buffer involved in regulating the pH of intracellular fluid and the fluid of the kidney tubules

complex substances that form when amino acids bond

tendency of molecules of either gases, liquids or solids to move from a regon of higher concentration to a region of lwer concentration until qulibrium is reached (example smoke)

shrinking of cells

passive transport consists of

what is the most capable fluid that could go with your blood

interstitial space

Average loss of fluid in a day

loss of water causes a rise in extracellular osmotic pressure and pulls water out of the cells and into the
extracellular space is known as:

tx for hypernatremia

tremors, hyperreflexia, restlessness increased temp. are all s/s of:

too little sodium; too much water;

prolong vomiting, diarrhea, excessive perspiration, diuretics are all causes of

s/s abdominal cramps,
confusion, dry mucous membranes, dry skin, edema

tx for hyponatremia

excess sodium; loss of water, decrease renal function are causes of:

extensive trauma, renal disease, insulin deficiency are causes of:

s/s: anxiety, cardiac
arrest diarrhea, EKG changes

tx for hyperkalemia

loss of gastric fluids, use of diuretics are causes of:

s/s paralytic ileus, polyuria, polydipsia, elevated blood glucose

tx for hypokalemia

most common most serious fluid imbalance

major electrolyte in intracellular fluid

maintains normal nerve and muscle activity

excessive loss of hydrogen ions

symptoms include state of nervous
system activity, spasmodic muscle contraction, convulsions, death

buffer system found inside hemoglobin cells

what determines the formation of carbon dioxide

what does the kidney excrete to make the urine more alkaline

what does the kidney excrete to make the urine more acidic

measures the level of oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood

any condition that depresses ventilation is
considered; increase in hydrogen ions, increase PCO2

increased hydrogen ions is a _____ of pH level

decrease hydrogen ions is a ______ of pH level

any over stimulation of the respiratory system such as hyperventilation, meningitis, pulmonary embolism etc is considered

an increase concentration of hydrogen ions or a
decrease in bicarbonate concentration indicates

metabolic acidosis is most common with what types of people