enzyme that helps regulat blood pressure and function of kidneys
rennin
horomone that stimulates production of RBCs in bone marrow
erythropoietin
urinary and reproductive systems both orginate from ____________
urogenital ridge
except in males _______ is used for urine and semen transport
urethra
develops during hte 4th week of development
persist only through the 6th week
most superior position of the 3 types is connected to cloaca by the proneprhic duct
non functional and degenraters
its duct is used by meonephric kidney
akso part of duct that forms part of metanephic kidney
Pronephros
mesonephros
develops at end of the 4th week
functions throught embryonic development
Metanephros
begins development during the 5th week
becomes functional at the end of the 8th week
urine is explled into amniotic fluid
______ initally drains urine
urachus
umbilicus
belly button
reddish brown and lima bean shaped
kidneys
behind peritoneal cavity
retroperitoneal
deep depression on concave side
renal sinus
entrance to renal sinus
Hilus
inner layer of 3 layer fatty fibrous pouch in which kidneys are embeeded in; attachment and protects from trauma and infection
renal capsule
Middle layer of 3 layer fatty fibrous pouch in which kidneys are embeeded in; protection
adipose capsule
outer layer of 3 layer fatty fibrous pouch in which kidneys are embeeded in; anchors kidneys to peritonem and abdomnal wall
renal fascia
When supports give away and kidneys drop
Renal ptosis
annorexia nervosa
renal ptosis may happen ( when support gives away and kidneys drop )
redish- brown and granluar
outer layer of kidney
cortex
darker color and stropped
inner layer of kidney
has 8-15 renal pyramids sepertaed by renal columns
apexes are pointed toward renal sinuses
Medulla
8-15 located in medulla of kidney
renal pyramids
renal pyrmaids are seperated by ______________ in the medulla of kidney
renal columns
apexes in medulla of kidney are pointed toward __________
renal sinuses
receives urine from nephrons
collecting duct
larger collecting depression is ______________
major calyx
smaller collectind depression is ____________________
minor calyx
largest collectind depression is _________________---
renal pelvis
_________transports urine from kidney
ureter
Nephron
functional unit of kidney
responsible for fomration of urine
capilaries in _______are 100-400 times as porous as thos in skeletal muscle
glomerulus
few proteins can pass due to finger/net- like _________
pedicels
Urinary tubulles
parts of nephrons:
glomerular ( bowman's capsule )
proximal convuletd tube
descending and ascending limb of loop of Henle
distal convoluted tube
ureters
retropertionale in location
25 cm long
thickets where enters bladder
1.7 cm diameter
secretes mucus to lubricate and protect ureter; continous with lining of renal tubules and urinary bladder
mucosa (of urters)
inner longitudinal and outer ciruclar layer of smooth muscle; causes urine to "spurt" into bladder; proximal 1/3 has 3rd longitudinal layer
muscularis persiatl waves move urine
muscularis
storage sac for urine
in females - on contact with ureters and vagina
in males - prostate gland is below bladder
urinary bladder
once functional as urethra and secures apex
urachus
innermost streches
has flaps over ureters to prevent blackflow
-Mucosa (of urinary bladder )
3 layres and reffered to as detrusor muscle
modifed to fomr a sphinceter at urethra
Muscularis ( of urinary bladder)
also known as muscularis of urinary bladder
detrusor muscle
outer most layer of urinary bladder, only on superior surface, actually continuation of peritonemum
serosa
conveys urine from urinary bladder to outside of body
urethra
conveys urine from urinary bladder to outside of body
urethra
area between two urinary bladder layers
trigone
formed by detursor muscle of urinary bladder
internal urethral sphincter
voulntary straited mucels
external urethral sphincter
in females it emtpites urine through the _____________ and ___________ is anterior to vagina and 2.5 cm posterior of the clitoris
urethral orifice
vestibule between the __________________
labia minora
2.5 cm long
reciees drainge from protate gland and 2 ejaculatory ducts
prostatic urethra
0.5 cm long
external urethral muscle is here!
membranous urethra
15cm long
surrounded by erectile tissue
penile urethra
urination
micturation
medical specilaity in urinary system
urology
analysis of urine for diagnosing health
urinalysis
in males only, urethra is open on the underside of penis
hypospadias
inn males only, urethra is open on upperside of penis
hyperspadias
urinary bladder infection
cystitis
renal pelvis infection
pyelitis
nephron infection
nephritis
inflammiton of entire kidney
may be succefully treated with antibiotic therapy
pyelonephritis
low urinary output
nephrons may cease to function
blood pressure may be too low
anuria
need to get up and urinate during the night (very common in ederly)
nocturia
bladder unable to expel its urine
treatment may require inserito of a cather (rubber drainage tube)
urinary retention
susbtatance that is toxic to kidney
nephrotoxin
kidney stones, crystalized calcium, magnesium, or uric acid,
may be caused by frequent bacterial infections, urinary retention, high con of calcium in blood, alkaline urine.
- cranberry jucie and large amount of water may reduce incidence
renal calculi
inability to contol micturtion (peeing) voulantrily
normal in infants
incontinence
nocturnal enuresis
bed weeting
most common in young and old persons
viewing tube that is inserted into bladder
examaine mucosal surface of bladder
trigony
cystoscopy
appitite for abnormal substances
indicated electrolyte deficiences