-
Force necessary to overcome gravitational force to keep the airplane flying is termed
Lift
-
Ailerons are used primarily to
Roll the airplane
-
Ailerons are located
On the outer edge of the wings
-
Pitch makes the airplane
Go up and down
-
Bank makes the airplane
Roll or turn
-
The four aerodynamic forces acting on an airplane are
Drag, lift, thrust and weight
-
An airplane wing is designed to produce lift resulting from relatively
Positive (High) air pressure below the wings surface and negative (Low) air pressure abovethe wings surface
-
Flight Instruments
Airspeed Indicator Altimeter Attitude Indicator Vertical Velocity Indicator
-
Engine Instruments
Tachometer Ammeter (battery)
-
Altimeter
Altitude in MSL
-
-
Vertical Velocity
How many feet per minute climbing/diving
-
-
-
Forces acting on an aircraft in a steady flight condition (no change in speed or flight path)
Lift equals Weight Thrust equals Drag
-
A flashing green air traffic control signal directed to an aircraft on the surface is asignal that the pilot
Is cleared to taxi
-
Steady red light signal from the tower toaircraft approaching to land
Continue circling
-
Flashing red light signal from the tower to aircraft approaching to land
Airport is unsafe for landing
-
Propeller blades are curved on one side and flat on the other side to
Produce thrust
-
When in the down (extended) positionwing flaps provide
Greater lift and more drag
-
What makes an airplane turn
Horizontal componenet of lift
-
What is one advantage of an airplane said to be inherently stable
Airplane will require less effort to control
-
If the elevator trim tabs on the airplane are lowered, the plane will tend to
Nose up
-
The pilot always advances the throttle during a
Climb
-
The pilot of an airplane can best detect the approach of a stall by the
Ineffectiveness of the ailerons and elevator
-
It is ordinarily desirable to provide an unusually long flight strip at municipal airports for thetake-off of
Heavily loaded ships in still air
-
A closed runway is marked on an airfield diagram with
X X X
-
Over run is marked on an airfield diagram with
>>>
-
The rearward retarding force of airplane drag is opposed by
Thrust
-
Cowling is located
Around the engine
-
Airport taxiways are identified at night by omni directional edge lights in what color
Blue
-
If the aircraft ammeter is indicating a minus value
means the Generator or alternator output is inadequate
-
The angle formed by the chord of an airfoil and the direction of the relative wind is called the
Angle of attack
-
Aircraft Structure
Fuselage Wings (w/ ailerons & flaps) Empennage (tail) Landing Gear Power Plant
-
Empannage Parts
Fixed: Vertical stabilizer and horizontal stabilizer Moveable: Rudder, elevator, trimtabs
-
Power Plant Parts
Engine Propeller
-
What does the cowling do
Helps cool the engine
-
-
What does the rudder do
Moves the airplane nose left and right
-
What does the elevator do
Moves airplane nose up and down
-
Atmospheric pressure
Weather changes help lift airplane, actuates some flight instruments
-
Air Density
Effects airplanes capability
-
Less dense air
reduces power, thrust and lift
-
Density
Increases with altitude
-
Increase temps
Decreases density
-
Newtons Laws of Motion 1
Body at rest remains at rest
-
Newtons Laws of Motion 2
Constant force creates acceleration proportional to mass
-
Newtons Laws of Motion 3
One body exerts force on another, 2nd exerts force equal to 1st but in opposite direction
-
Magnus Effect
Low pressure upward force
-
Axes of Flight
Pitch, Roll, & Yaw
-
Pitch
Lateral Axis (thru wings) Nose & Tail up and down Elevators
-
Roll
Longitudinal Axis (thru body) Wings up and down Ailerons
-
Yaw
Vertical Axis (up and down) Wings side to side Rudder
-
Rudder
Push left pedal, rudder moves left, moves tail to right and nose to the left.
-
Secondary Flight Controls
Flaps, leading edge devices, spoilers and trim devices
-
Trim Systems
Relieve pilot of the need to maintain constant pressure on flight controls
-
Altimeter Purpose
One of most vital inst. in acft. Measures where acft is at in atmosphere presents as altitude.
-
Altimeter Hands
- Short: 10,000's feet
- Middle: 1,000's feet
- Long:100's feet
-
Vertical Speed Indicator VSI or VVI
Indicates whether plane is climbing, descending or in level flight Ex: rate of climb500fpm
-
Airspeed Indicator
- Pressure measured, different colored arcs.
- White-Flap operating range
- Yellow-Caution range
- Red-Never exceed speed
-
Turn Indicators
Like a "level", if ball is uncentered aerodynamic forces are unbalanced.
-
Attitude Indicator
Miniture airplane and horizon bar. Indicates attitude of airplane relative to the true horizon
-
Heading Indicator (aka directional gyro)
Basically compass, not affected by flight.
-
Turn Indicator
If aileron & rudder movements are coordinated during turn, ball remains centered.
-
Magnetic Compass
Sets gyroscopic heading indicator. 30 degrees appears as 3.
-
Basic Flight Maneuvers
Straight & Level Turns Climbs Descents
-
Rudder moves
airplanes nose left and right
-
Aileron moves
Airplane wing
-
Elevator control moves
airplane nose up and down
-
Flying by attitude
visually establishing airplanes attitude with reference to natural horizon
-
Trim
Used to relieve all possible control pressure sheld after desired altitude has been attained
-
Straight and level flight
Main maneuver Constant heading and altitude is maintained Wing tips even with horizon
-
Level Turns
All 4 primary controls used (ailerons, elevator, throttle & rudder)
-
3 Types Level Turns
- Shallow 20 degrees
- Medium 20-45 degrees
- Steep 45+ degrees
-
Empannage (cabin)
not considered a major component of an aircraft structure
-
Moving the control wheel or stick to the right will cause the right aileron to
Rotate forward
-
If the control wheel or stick is moved forward
Airspeed will increase Aircraft pitch will change
-
If the left rudder is pressed then the aircraf twill
Yaw
-
Mach refers to
Speed of Sound
-
As the radius of a turn decreases the
positive g-forces are increased
-
As altitude increases in order to maintain the same amount of lift an aircraft must
fly faster
-
If a pilot is instructed to land on Rwy 27 using a straight approach, the heading should be
270 degrees
-
When flaps are extended
Drag and lift increase
-
Which two flight controls are used to control the rate of a turn
Elevator and ailerons
-
An aircraft on a heading of 325 is flying
Northwest
-
Under normal VFR conditions how much of a pilots attention should be focused on cockpit instruments
10%
-
Large yellow X's painted on the end of the runway indicate
closed runway
-
The axis which extends lengthwise thru the fuselage from the nose to tail is
longitudinal axis
-
The transponder code which indicates an in-flight emergency is
7700
-
The control system used primarily to relive the pilot from having to maintain constant pressure on the flight controls is the
Trim
-
Drag (during climb) requires increase in thrust.
Need sufficient thrust to continue climb
-
Climb Types
- Normal Best rate of climb (Vy)
- Best angle ofclimb (Vx)
-
An aircraft instructed to land on Rwy 23L would establish an approach heading of
230 degrees
-
The four aerodynamic forces acting on anairplane are
Drag, lift, thrust, & weight
-
Moving the control stick to the right or left affects which aircraft controls
ailerons
-
The tachometer
is not a flight instrument
-
Flaps are generally used
during takeoff during landings
-
A flashing green air traffic control signal directed to an aircraft on the surface is asignal that the pilot
is cleared to taxi
-
In creating lift
the air moving over the wing moves faster than the air moving under the wing
-
The propeller blades are curved on one side and flat on the other to
produce thrust
-
On the ground, an aircraft is steered by
pushing the rudder peddles
-
Depressing the left rudder pedal would move the tail of the aircraft
right
-
An aircraft on a heading of 300 degrees is heading
Northwest
-
Supersonic means
Faster than the speed of sound
-
What is the standard weight for gasoline used in aircraft
6 lbs /gal
-
The pilot of an airplane can best detect the approach of a stall by the
ineffectiveness of the ailerons and elevator
-
What makes an airplane turn
horizontal component of lift
-
Larger aircraft generally tend to
land on longer runways
-
For runway 23L, what does the L indicate
L stands for the left-hand runway at airports with two runways aligned in the same direction
-
Tachometer
indicates the speed at which the engine crankshaft is rotating. Not a flight instrument!
-
Flaps
Increase lift and drag.
-
Compass headings
- 360 North
- 90 East
- 180 South
- 270 West
-
113. Northwest Heading
Falls between 270 and 360 degrees
-
Inverse Operation
Subtraction & Division
-
Prime Number
Whole # which can be divided by itself and 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, ...
-
-
Subtraction Answer
Remainder
-
-
-
Factors
#s that can be multiplied resulting in a whole number Ex: 2 X 3 = 6
-
Composit Number
Whole # that can be divided evenly by it selfand 1 AND by at least one other whole # Ex: 46 8 10 15 27
-
Order of Operations
"Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally"
-
Convert fahrenheit to celsius
-
Convert celsius to fahrenheit
-
-
Area of a rectangle
Length X Width
-
An eclipse of the sun throws the shadow of the
moon on the earth
-
Substances that hasten a chemical reaction without themselves undergoing change arecalled
Catalysts
-
Lack of iodine is often related to what disease
Goiter
-
Under natural conditions, large quantity of organic matter decay therefore
soils maintain their fertility
-
The thin layer that forms the front of theeyeball is called the
Cornea
-
The most likely reason why dinosaurs became extinct was that they
Failed to adapt to a changing environment
-
Which of the following is a chemical change
Burning one pound of coal
-
A person with high blood pressure should
avoid salt
-
The chief nutrient in lean meat is
Protein
-
Spiders can be distinguished from insects bythe fact that spiders have
four pairs of legs
-
An important ore of uranium is called
Pitchblende
-
Of the following the lightest element known on earth is
hydrogen
-
Of the following gases in the air, the most plentiful is
nitrogen
-
The time it takes for light from the sun to reach the earth is approximately
8 minutes
-
Of the following types of clouds, the ones that occur at the greatest height are
Cirrus
-
New drug test. Group A takes drug. Group B takes sugar pill. Group B called
An experimental control
-
After adding salt to water, the freezing point of the water is
lowered
-
Radium is stored in lead containers because
the lead absorbs the harmful radiation
-
The type of joint that attaches the arm to the shoulder blade is the
Ball and socket
-
Limes were eaten by British sailors in order to prevent
Scurvy
-
The time that it takes for the Earth to rotate 45 degrees is
3 hours
-
Of the following planets, the one that has the shortest revolutionary period around the sun is
Mercury
-
What is the negative particle that circles the nucleus of the atom
Electron
-
In the International System of Units, a measurement for mass is a
kilogram
-
What is energy called that is derived from the Earth's internal heat?
Geothermal
-
Compouds that include fat and oils found in foods and the human body are
Lipids
-
Resistance is the tendency for a material to oppose the flow of electrons and is measured in
OHMS
-
In order for a lunar eclipse to take place the
earth's axis of rotation must point toward the moon
-
A scientist who studies animals would be called a
zoologist
-
A group of tissues in the human body which work together is
Organ
-
What is an insect scientist called
Entomologist
-
A "dalton" is a unit of measurement for measuring
mass
-
The adult human of average age and size has approximately how many quarts of blood
6
-
The smallest of the FORMED elements of the blood are the
platelets
-
-
A fish breathes with
Gills
-
The type of element an atom is is determined by
the number of protons
-
Seasons are caused primarily by
the Earth's tilting on its axis
-
Planets in our solar system rotate
counter clockwise
-
A common name for sodium chloride (NaCI) is
salt
-
Animals that eat plants AND other animals are called
omnivores
-
Which planet in the solar system has the least surface gravity
Pluto
-
How many legs does an arachnid have
8
-
A herpetologist would be primarily concerned with the study of
amphibians and reptiles
-
Excepting the three tiny bones in each ear, how many bones are there in a normal adult skeleton
200
-
-
Blood is returned to the heart through tubes called
veins
-
What kind of bird can build a nest which weighs more than a ton
Bald eagle
-
Paleontologist studies
Dinasours
-
Which panet in our solar system has the shortest year
Mercury
-
Chloroplasts are found in which type of cells
Plant Cells
-
Your forearm contains two bones.
The ulnaand & Radius
-
Which planet in our solar system has thelongest day
Venus
-
Which of the Earth's NATURAL elements hasthe highest atomic number
Uranium
-
The lowest or most narrow level of theclassification of organisms is called
Species
-
Water freezes at what temperature
0 degrees C
-
W Is burning charcoal in your BBQ a chemical reaction
YES
-
Where are electrons found in an atom
in orbital layers around the nucleus
-
H2O is the chemical formula for
water and ice
-
What percentage of elements are metals
75%
-
How many meters are there in one kilometer
1,000
-
An oxide is formed when an element is chemically combined with what type of specific element
Oxygen
-
A very strong acid would have a pH closer to
1
-
Carbon has an atomic number of 6. How many protons would the element contain?
6
-
Elements with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called
isotopes
-
What percentage of the worlds population lives in the United States?
6 percent
-
Which is the deepest ocean
Pacific Ocean
-
Which of the planets in our solar system has the most known moons
Jupiter
-
What does the color of a star signify
surface temperature
-
Cloroplasts
help plant cells turn sunlight into energy for the plant
-
Lanthanum
has a higher atomic number than uranium but is not a NATURAL element
-
Nitrogen
Makes up 78% of the gases in the air
-
Jupiter
Has 60 known moons
-
Pacific Ocean
averages about 4,000 meters deep
-
Star color
Blue stars are hotter than red stars
-
-
-
-
-
-
Quadrilateral
4 sided polygon
-
Polygon
closed-in shape, made up of 3 or more straightlines
-
Equilateral Triangle
All 3 sides are equal, the angles of all 3 sides are 60 degrees each
-
Isosceles Triangle
2 sides have equal length, and whos eopposing sides have equal angles
-
Scalene Triangle
A triangle all 3 sides and all 3 angles are unequal
-
Acute Triangle
All 3 angles are less than 90 degrees
-
Obtuse Triangle
1 angle is greater than 90 degrees
-
Right Triangle
Triangle with a 90 degree right angle
-
Hypotenuse
Longest side of a right triangle. Other sides are called LEGS
-
Concurrent Triangles
Triangles which are identical
-
Similar Triangles
Triangles same shape but not same size
-
Special Lines
Indicate altitudes, medians and angle bisections (dashed line you create solvingproblem)
-
Quadrilateral
Polygon with 4 sides. Sum always measures 360 degrees.
-
Parallelogram
Quadrilateral whose opposing sides are parallel to each other. Opposite sides are also equal
-
Rectangle
All angles are 90 degrees
-
Square
All four sides are equal in length
-
Rhombus
All four sides equal but 2 are slanted
-
Trapezoid
two sides parallel but two are not
-
Circle
360 degrees Circumfrance is the length around
-
Diameter
line going across the circle, 1/2 circle
-
Radius
1/4 circle, 1/2 diameter
-
Perimeter
Sum of the length of all sides
-
Pythagorean Theorem
hypotenuse (long line) equal to sum of thesquare of the legs c^2=a^2+b^2
-
Diameter of Circle
pi (3.14 or 22/7 or 3 1/7)
-
Circumference of Circle
pi X diameter or pi X radius X2
-
Area of Rectangle or Square
Length X Width
-
Area of Parallelogram
Base X Height
-
Area of Triangle
1/2 base length X Height
-
Area of Circle
(pi X radius) ^2
-
Volume
inside of 3 dimensional objects (instead of area on flat objects)
-
Rectangle Volume
L X W X H
-
Cube/Square Volume
1 side cubed (s^3)
-
Cylinder Volume
- Base X Height
- Find base using area of circle (pi X radius)^2, then multiply by height
-
In chemistry, what are alpha particles
helium nuclei
-
The Baume scale is used to measure
specific gravity
-
The Antoine equation is used to
estimate the vapor pressures of pure liquids or solids
-
Surplus red blood cells are stored in what organ
Spleen
-
What region of brain influences body temp, metabolism etc
hypothalamus
-
What causes the stars to twinkle
turbulent air
-
Electrons which move thru an electric circuit as current have a
negative charge
-
-
Rust is caused by a chemical reactino known as
oxidation
-
When heat is transferred through a solid the process is called
conduction
-
At higher altitudes, water boils
at a lower temperature
-
What is the name fo the negative particle which circles the nucleus of the atom
electron
-
When entering a climb from level flight, the weight of the aircraft
results in increased drag
-
Turbulence is caused by
convective air currents, obstructions to wind flow, wind shear
-
A minimally safe airspeed descent is principally used
when clearing obstacles during landing
-
When in the down (extended) position,wing-flaps provide
greater lift and more drag
-
An aircraft must travel __________ at 10,000ft than at 1,000ft
faster
-
Are flaps a primary flight control
No
-
What does the term yaw mean
directional turning from the tail section
-
The IFF on a military aircraft
indicates whether an aircraft is an enemy orally
-
The line on an airspeed indicator to warn that operating above the indicated level is danderous is colored
Red
-
When taking off into a headwind, the result will be
shorter takeoff distance and increased climb angle
-
If the elevator tabs on a plane are lowered, the plane will tend to
nose up
-
If one end of a runway is number 27, what will the other end be
09
-
Factors of a Product
When two or more numbers are multiplied to produce a certain product, each of the nnumbers is known as a factor of the product
-
Air moving over the wing
moves faster than the air moving under the wing
-
base
a base is a number used as a factor two or more times. i.e.2x2x2
-
Exponent
An exponent is a number that shows how many times the base is to be used as a factor
-
Power
A power is anmber that can be expressed as a product of equal factors
-
Reciprocal
If the product of two numbers is 1, either number is called the reciprocal of the other number
-
Factorial
The factorial of a natural or counting number is the product of that number and all of the natural numbers less than it
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