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*Identify the charactersistics of the plant kingdom.
*Plants are multicellular eukaryotes that have cell walls made of cellulose. They develop from multicellular embryos and carry out photosynthesis using the green pigments chlorophyll a and b.
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sporophyte
the diploid (2N) phase of the plant life cycle
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gametophyte
the haploid (N) phase of the plant life cycle
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*To live succesfully on landl what substances must plants obtain from their environment?
*The lives of plants center on the need for sunlight, water and minerals, gas exchange, and the transport of water and nutrients throughout the plant body.
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*From which group of protists did the first plants evolve? How are plants similar to these protists?
*The first plants evolved from an organsim much like the multicellular green algae living today.
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*How is water essential in the life cycle of a byrophyte?
*Byrophytes have life cucles that depend on water for reproduction. Lacking vascular tissue, these plants can draw up water by osmosis only a few centimeters above the ground.
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byrophytes
mosses and their relatives, or nonvascular plants... this means they dont have vascular tissue or specializaed tissues that conduct water and nutrients
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*What are the three groups of byrophytes?
*Byrophytes include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.
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rhizoids
long, thin cells that anchor byrophytes in the ground and absorb water and minerals from the surrounding soil
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gemmae
small multicellular reproductive structures
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*In byrophytes, what does the gametophte do?
*In byrophytes, the gametophyte is the dominant, recognizable stage of the life cycle and is the stage that carries out most of the plant's photosynthesis.
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protonema
after a moss spore lands in a moist place, it germinates and grows into a mss of tangle green filaments called protonema
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antheridia
where sperm with whiplike tails are produced
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archegonia
where egg cells are produced
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vascular tissue
along with a transport system, they are specialized to conduct water and nutrients throughout the plant
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tracheids
hollow plant cell in xylem tissue with thick cell walls that resists pressure
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xylem
a transport subsystem that carries water upward from the roots to every part of the plant
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phloem
transports solutions of nutrients and carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis
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*What are the two types of vascular tissue?
*Both forms os vascular tissue- xylem and phloem- can move fluids through the plant body, even against the force of gravity.
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lignin
a substance that makes cell walls rigid, enables vascular plants to grow upright and reach great hights
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*What are the three phyla of seedles vascular plants?
*Seedless vascular plants include club mosses (Lycophyta), horsetails (Arthrophyta), and ferns (Pterophyta).
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roots
underground organs that absorb water and minerals
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leaves
photosynthetic organs that contain one or more bundles of cascular tissue
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veins
vascular tissue gathered into veins made of xylem and phloem
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stems
supporting structures that connect roots and leaves, carrying water and nutrients between them
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rhizomes
underground stems in ferns
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*What is the dominant stage ofo the fern life cycle?
*Ferns and other vascular plants have a life cycle in which the diploid sporophyte is the dominant cycle.
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sporangia
fern sporophytes develop haploid spores on the underside of their fronds in tiny containers---> sporangia
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sori
grouped clusters of sporangia
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