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When do molecular compounds from?
when electrons are shared between atoms (nonmetal w/ nonmetal)
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What is the sharing of electrons called?
a covalent bond
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What is the composition for an ionic compound vs an molecular compund?
- ionic: metal with nonmetal
- molecular: nonmetal with nonmetal
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What is the bond type for an ionic compound vs an molecular compund?
- ionic: ionic (tranfer e-)
- molecular: covalent ( share e-)
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What is the smallest unit for an ionic compound vs an molecular compund?
- ionic: formula unit
- molecular: molecule
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What are five properties of ionic compounds?
- most dissolve in water
- conduct electricity when melted or dissolved
- strong bonds
- hard, brittle solids
- high melting and boiling points
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What are five properties of molecular compounds?
- only some molecules dissolve in watter
- do not conduct electricity
- weaker bonds
- soft solids, liquids or gases
- low melting and boiling points
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What does VSEPR stand for?
Valance Shell Electron Pair repulsion Theory
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What does VSEPR theory explain?
electron pairs repel eachother, so molecules adjust their shapes to get electron pairs as far apart as possible
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What is a molecular shape with two atoms in front, one to the back and one above called?
tetrahedral
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What is a molecular shape with two atoms in the front and one to the back called?
pyramidal
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What is the molecular shape with two atoms attached called?
bent
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What is a molecular shape with two atoms to the side in a flat shape called?
linear
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When covalent bonds are polar, are they shared evenly or unevenly?
unevenly
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What is the difference between polar and nonpolar molecules?
- polar have 2 distinct sides (+) and (-)
- nonpolar are the same all around
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What is electronegativity?
the tendency for an atom to attract electrons to itself in a covalent bond
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If electronegativity increases, the attraction for electrons ___________ (increase or decrease)
increase
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Electronegativity ___________ (increases/decreases) as you go down a group? Why?
- decreases
- As you go down a group, the number of principle energy levels increase, so the size of the atom increases as well. There is less attraction so protons have less ability to pull in outer electrons.
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Electronegativity ___________ (increases/decreases) going left to right. Why?
- increases
- As you go across a period, more electrons are added to the same energy level, so the size of the atom decreases. There is more attraction so protons have more ability to pull in outer electrons.
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What does the electronegativity difference have to be for the molecule to be polar?
.4 and greater
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Which molecule shapes can be nonpolar with polar bonds?
linear or tetrahedral if all arrows are pointing away
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Which molecular shape can never be nonpolar?
bent shape
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When it comes to polarity and solubility, like dissolves ___________ (like or unlike). How?
- like
- The positive ends of H2O attract the negative ends in NaCl and pull them away and vice versa.
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What two kinds of substances can H2O dissolve?
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what is the prefix used and when is it used when naming acids?
- hydro
- when it is the acid of a ion from the front of the periodic ctable
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What does the Octet Rule say?
atoms react to aquire stable electron configurations of a noble gas
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What is the difference between compounds and mixtures?
- compounds are chemicals combined.
- mixtures are just physically touching
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What is an ionic bond?
attraction that holds oppositely charged ions together
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which metals do you have to use the roman numerals for?
transition metals and Sn and Pb
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Which transition metals do you not have to use the roman numerals with? What are their charges?
Ag (+1) Zn (+2) Cd (+2)
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What is the order of the ite/ate pairs?
- per _____ ate
- ate
- ite
- hypo _______ ite
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