AP HuG Study Guide

An east-west line designated under the Land Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the United States.

The science of making maps.

Relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space

A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data.

A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.

A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.

a two-dimensional, or flat representation of Earth’s surface or a portion of it.

A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character.

A north-south line designated in the Land Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the United States.

The system used to transfer locations from Earth’s surface to a flat map.

An area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features.

The acquisition of data about Earth’s surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance method.

The numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator.

The position of anything on Earth’s surface.

The numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the prime meridian.

An internal representation of a portion of Earth’s surface based on what an individual knows about a place, containing personal impressions of what is in a place and where places are located.

An arc drawn on a map between the North and South poles.

A circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians.

Land created by the Dutch by draining water from an area.

The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.

The meridian designated as ) degrees longitude, that passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England.

(or Cultural landscape studies ) An approach to geopgraphy that emphasixes the relationships mong social and physical phenomena in a particular study area.

A substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use.

The physical character of a place including climate, water sources, topography, soil, vegetation, latitude and elevation.

The location of a place relative to other places.

The name given to a portion of Earth’s surface.

(or perceptual region) An area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity.

The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected.

A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located.

The increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy.

Generally, the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole, specifically the relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on the Earth’s surface.

A square normally 1 mile on each side. The Land Ordinance of 1785 divided townships in the United States into 36 sections

The physical gap or interval between two objects.

A square normally 6 miles on a side. The Land Ordinance of 1785 divided much of the United States into a series of townships.

Geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships.

Fashioning of a natural landscape by a cultural group.

The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group of people’s distinct tradition.

A nineteenth- and early twentieth-century approach to the study of geography that argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. Geography was therefore the study of how the physical environment caused human activities.

(or uniform of homogeneous region) An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics.

(or nodal region) – An area organized around a node or focal point.

The time in that time zone encompassing the prime meridian or 0 degrees longitude.

An arc that for the most part follows 180 degrees longitude, although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas. When you cross the International Date Line heading east (toward America), the clock moves back 24 hours, or one entire day. When you go west (toward Asia), the calendar moves ahead on day.

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture.

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

The spread of something over a given area.

The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population.

The frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area.

The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time.

The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin

The arrangement of something across Earth’s surface.

The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process.

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.

The region from which innovative ideas originate.

The spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to another persons or places.

The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area

The number of people per unit of area of arable land which is land suitable for agriculture.

The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another.

The scientific study of population characteristics.

The portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.

The percentage of growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years

Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people

Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population

The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering.

The complete enumeration of a population

The process of change in a society’s population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population

The number of people under the age of 15 and over age 64, compared to the number of people active in the labor force

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.

Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

The number of males per 100 females in the population

A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.

Distinctive causes of death to each stage of the demographic transition.

Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis.

Migration from a location.

The area subject to flooding during a given number of years according to historical trends

Permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors.

Migration to a new location.

Permanent movement within a particular country.

Permanent movement from one country to another.

Permanent movement from one region of a country to another.

An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration

Permanent movement within one region of a country.

Form of relocation diffusion involving a permanent move to a new location.

Change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition

All types of movement from one location to another.

The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration.

Factor that induces people to move to a new location.

Factor that induces people to leave old residences.

People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.

Permanent movement undertaken by choice.

Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.

People who enter a country without proper documents.

Large-scale emigration by talented people.

Workers who migrate to the more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern and Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs.

In reference to migration, laws that place maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year.

Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries.

The frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act.

Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogenous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.

A repetitive act performed by a particular individual.

Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.

A restriction on behavior imposed by social custom.

The contribution of a location’s distinctive physical features to the way food tastes.

The dialect of English associated with upper-class Britons living in the London area and now considered standard in the United Kingdom.

A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.

A boundary that separates regions in which different language uses predominate.

A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning

A language that is written as well as spoken.

The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents

The form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.

A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.

A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or as old as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches derived from the same family.

A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.

A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.

A form of Latin used in daily conversation by ancient Romans, as opposed to the standard dialect, which was used for official documents

The system of writing used in China and other East Asian countries in which each symbol represents an idea or a concept rather than a specific sound, as is the case with letters in English

Dialect spoken by some African Americans.

A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used

A term used by the Frech for English words that have entered the French language; a combination of français and anglais, the French words for “French” and “English,” respectively

A language that is unrelated to any other languages ad therefore not attached to any language family

A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages

A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages

Combination of Spanish and English, spoken by Hispanic Americans.

A large and fundamental division within a religion.

A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body.

A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated.

The doctrine or belief of the existence of only one god

Belief in or worship of more than one god

A relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination

A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location

Belief that objects such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.

A set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe

During the Middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews; now used to denot3e a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal or economic pressure

An individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion

A follower of a polytheistic religion in ancient times

A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes

Time when the Sun is farthest from the equator

A religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally.

The basic unit of geographic organization in the Roman Catholic Church

A religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control

The class or distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu is assigned according to religious law

Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).

Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas

A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses as low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood

Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions

Identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor

Belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race

A person who subcribes to the beliefs of racism

A person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops

A practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa

Loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality

Process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region

A small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into one or more stable states because it was inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, long-standing antagonisms toward each other

Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities

Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality

Identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there

An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state

State that contains more than one ethnicity

State that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities

A sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland

Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory

A territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent

Control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society

A state that encompasses a very small land area

Ability of a state to govern in territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states

An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs

Invisible line that marks the extent of a state’s territory

A state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly

A state with a long, narrow shape

Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power

A state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea

A state that completely surrounds another one

An otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension

An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials

Condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries of alliances of countries

An internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government

A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory

A zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control

a country that has progressed further along the developed continuum

has made some progress but has more to contiune

a process of improvment in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology

alternative to international trade that emphasizes small businesses and worker owned and democratically run cooperatives and requires employers to pay workers fair wages, permit union organizing and comply with minimum environmental and safety standards

investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country

compares the ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making

compares the level of development of women with both sexes

the value of the total output of goods and services produced in a county in a given time period (normally 1 year)

indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by united nations, combining income, literacy rate, education, and life expectancy.

the percentage of a conuntry's people who can read and write

the portion of the economy concerened with the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing and forestry

the value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it.

the portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials

economic policies imposed on less developed countries by international agencies to create conditions encouraging international trade, such as raising taxes, reducing government spending, controlling inflation, selling publicity owned utilities to private cooperations and charging citizens more for services.

the portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to prople in exchange for payment

a company that conducts research, operated factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located

the gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy

commerical agribusiness characterized by the integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations

The delberate effort to modify a portion of Earths surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance of economic gain

a grass yielding grain for food

husks of grain separated from the seed by threshing

a machine that reaps, threshes and cleans grain while moving over a field

agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.

grain or fruit gathered from a field as harvest during a particular season

the practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil

degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting

harvesting twice a year from the same field

seed of a cereal grass

rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers

the growing of fruits, vegetables and flowers

the outer covering of a seed

a form of subsistance agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land

the area surronding a city from which milk is supplied

malay word for wet rice, commenly but incorrectly used to describe a sawah

a form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals

grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals as well as land used for grazing

a large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale usually to a more developed country

the most productive farmland

a form of commericial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area

a machine that cuts grain standing in the field

system of planting crops on ridge tops in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation

a flooded field for growing rice

reproduction of plants through annual introduction of seeds which result from sexual fertilization

a form of subsistiance agriculture lin which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and let fallow for a relatively long period

another name for shifiting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegitation and burning the debris

wheat planted in the spring and harvasted in the late summer

farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minize pollution, typically by rotating soilrestoring crops with cash crops and reducing inputs of fertilizer and pesticides

agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family

a patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning

to beat out grain from stalks by trampling it

the seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures

commerical gardening and fruit farming so named because truck was a middle english word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities

reproduction of plants by direct cloning from exsisting plants

rice planted on dryland in a nursery and then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth

to remove chaff by allowing it to be blown away by the wind

wheat planted in the fall and harvested in the early summer

a location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another

an industry in which the final product weighs more or compries a greater volume that the inputs

an industry in which the final product product weighs less comprises a lower volume than the inputs

manufactoring based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution

form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly

a series of improveents in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufactoring goods

an industry for which labor costs make up a high percentage of total expenses

factories built by US companies in Mexico near the U.S. border, to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico

transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid, less-skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries

a decision by a cooperation to turn over much of the responcibility for production to independent suppliers

adaption by companies of flesible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks

a U.S. state that has passed a law preventing a union and company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join a union as a condition of employment

Location Factors related to the costs of factors of production inside the plants, such as land, labor, and capital

Location factors related to the transportation of materials into from a factory

a fabric made by weaving, used in making clothing.

industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement