Chapter 7

Textbook authors conclude that, for many contemporary families, gender-based division of labor:
A. is still practiced
B. gives most of the power to the males in the family
C. gives most of the power to the females in the family
D. is no longer practiced

The nationwide survey (discussed at length by Olson and DeFrain) that focused on the strngths of happily married couples revealed that more happy couples than unhappy couples divided household tasks on the basis of
A. personal convenience
B. personal preference of the spouses
C. the amount of time spent in the home.
D. traditional tasks of males and of females

Gender role stereotypes
A. ensure that all genetic males possess the qualities that a particular society deems to be masculine
B. are a thing of the past in the United States
C. create equality between the sexes
D. affect psychological development from birth on

Which of the following is NOT traditionally associated with masculinity?
A. independence
B. aggressiveness
C. a predisposition for math and science
D. sensitivity

The traditional view of gender roles
A. suggested sensitivity and emotionality were important for males as well as females.
B. grew out of a male-oriented culture
C. assumed females had more desireable traits than males
D. assumed females had more desirable traits and suggest sensitivity and emotionality were important for males as well as females.

Who was the sociologist who introduced the modern family's "instrumental" and "expressive" roles?
A. Margaret Mead
B. Lawrence Kohlberg
C. none of these
D. Talcott Parsons

In the traditional view, society required that men be ________ and women be ___________
A. structural; expressive
B. instrumental; expressive
C. expressive; instrumental
D. structual; instrumental

An example of an instrumental function is
A. solving family conflicts
B. making major financial decisions
C. teaching children how to get along
D. rocking a crying infant

Critics of Talcott Parson's traditional view of gender roles suggest that his view
A. all these
B. mistakenly assumed the traditional family was universal
C. ignored the potential problems of its view
D. stereotyped men and women

Although most research relating to gender focuses on housework and care of children, there is a recent concept in families that considers:
A. marital satisfaction
B. mental work
C. emotion work
D. divison of labor

Emotion work, a recent concept realized by Erickson, includes:
a listening closely to one's partner
b. offering encouragement
c. showing appreciation
d. all of these

Equalitarianism is
A. the current trend amoung many couples making a serious commitment to each other.
B. a contemporary model stressing equality in committed relationships
C. the current trend among many couples making a serious commitment to each other and a contemporary model stressing equality in committed relationships
D. the sport of horseback riding

an example of the double standard in gender roles is
A. a couple consisting of a liberated woman and a traditoinal man.
B. society's greater acceptance of male sexual freedom than female sexual freedom
C. women claiming more freedom for themselves
D. a woman who succeeds in business when a male peer does not.

Margaret Mead was an anthropologist who studied gender roles in different
A. decades
B. none of these
C. paradigms
D. cultures

Results of Margaret Mead's research on gender roles and culture suggest that
A. gender roles are biologically determined.
B. aggressiveness and independence are universal male characteristics
C. gender roles vary widely from culture to culture
D. expressive task management is a universal female characteristic

Gender roles are:
A. the sense of being a male or female, and what that means to one's society.
B. the gender-linked contellation of traits commonly associated with women or men.
C. the same thing as gender stereotypes
D. expectations about people's attitudes and behaviors based on whether they are female or male

Critics of Margaret Mead's research have found that in 33 different societies around the world
A. males were more interested in fertility and youth.
B. females in looking for a partner placed greater vale on wealth and ambition
C. "good looks" were more important to males than females.
D. all of these

The percentage of heterosexual couples with and without children, where both partners are employed in today's society, is approximately
A. 45%-50%
B. 55%-66%
C. less than 50%
D. 65%-70%

Strain-based demands include:
A. extensive travel
B. workload pressures
C. extra hours
D. shift work

Which of the following is NOT a theory described in the text that attempts to explain "machismo" in Mexican American culture?
A. All of these theories are described in the text.
B. Machismo is taught to make children by Mexican American mothers to guard against enemies
C. Machismo is an unconscious attempt to overcompensate for feelings of inferiority and powerlessness that arise from being conquered by Spaniards
D. Machismo is one way to acquire status that is denied men of color in our society.

Which culture traditionally includes some matrilineal traition in which women owned houses, tools, and agricultural land?
A. african Amercian
B. American Indian
C. Mexican American
European American

Some reason that make african american women less likely to accept a femisist agenda are that
A. they no longer see a need for a strong women's movement
B. they are hesitant to conflict with African American males who share their racial oppression.
C. they have been less liekly to experience the housewife role
D. they are hesitant to conflict with African American males who share their racial oppression and they have been less liekly to experience the housewife role.

Which of the following are accurate examples of the varied gender roles of American Indian women?
A. A women can be elected tribal cheif in some tribes
B. a woman can be elected tribal chief in some tribes and some tribes have religious beliefs against contraception and abortion.
C. Although women can be elected to some tribal offices, the role of chief is reserved for a man
D. Some tribes have religious beliefs against contraception and abortion

Which theory about gender role development is concerned with obsering how people reinforce each other's gender-related behavior?
A. social learning theory
B. family systems theory
C. cognitive development theory
D. feminist theory

Which theory links gender role development to the maturation of the child's thinking processes?
A. social learning theory
B. cognitive development theory
C. feminist theory
D. familiy systems theory

Which thoery suggest that one's individual gender roles are difficult to change unless other family members also change?
A. cognitive development theory
B. family systems theory
C. social learning theory
D. feminist theory

Which theory challenges traditional gender roles?
A. social learning theory
B. feminist theory
C. family systems theory
D. cognitive development theory

Which of the following statements regarding gender role development is NOT supported by a social learning theory?
A. children see variations from the traditional ideal as failure
B. children desire to match their characteristics with gender role standards they learn
C. children dichotomize the world as female versus male.
D. children hold flexible views of appropriate gender role behavior that become more rigid in adulthood

Cognitive development theory suggest that
A. gender identity is established in adolescence.
B. children's gender role stereotypes become progressively more rigid over time and children create gender identity, gender role stereotypes, and values in their minds in their efforts to understand the world around them
C. children's gender role stereotypes become progressively more rigid over time
D. children create gender identity, gender role sterotypes, and values in their minds in their efforts to understand the world around them

Social learning and cognitive development theories have been criticized for
A. assuming that early childhood is a critical period in gender role development
B. all of these
C. assuming that boys develop similar masculine behaviors and girls develop similiar feminine behaviors.
D. considering traditional gender role behavior desirable and variations deviant

According to family systems theory, a young married man who shares household tasks with his wife is likely to_______ when he visits his parents who maintain traditional gender roles
A. visit with his father in the living room while his mother washes the dishes
B. return to the behavior expected by his family of origin and visit with his father in the living room while his mother washes the dishes.
C. return to the behavior expected by his family of orgin
D. help his mother wash the dishes

In the mid-1990's the Gallup Poll surveyed people in 22 countries about perceived traits of males, and perceived traits of females. The findings indicated that
A. across cultures, men were perceived as more aggressive, ambitious, and courageous than women.
B. in most cultures surveyed, women and men were percived as being equally intelligent
C. all of these
D. the majority of respondents in the US and Canada, and Great Britain perceived men to be the more aggressive sex, but with a smaller majority than respondents in most other countries

Which of the following is NOT congruent with feminist theory?
A. rejecting traditional masculine characteristics
B. documenting the countributions women have made in the world
C. being sensitive to other oppressed people
D. striving to change the conditions of women

Our textbook authors posit that with respect to contemporary gender roles in the US
A. men are assumed to have sex-based traits that are more desirable than the sex-based traits women are assumed to have.
B. women are assumed to have sex based traits that are more desirable than the sex based traits men are assumed to have
C. males are assumed to be superior to females because, as a group, they are physically stronger than females.
D. females are assumed to be superior to males because females can become pregnant and give birth.
E. both females and males have desirable, and undesirable, traits that are not based on their sex

Which of the following is MOST true of family power?
A. Power is static, residing primarily in one person
B. Power creates reciprocal causation
C. Power is a personal characteristic
D. Power is perceived similarly by each family member

In Sandy and Dana's couple relationship, Sandy accepts a role relationship in which Dana has the right to request Sandy's compliance. Which kind of power is Sandy giving to Dana?
A. referent
B. reward
C. coercive
D. informational
E. legitimate

Robert Blood and Don Wolfe's classic study, Husbands and Wives (1960), found that the balance of power in a marriage is related to the relative money, education level, and occupational prestige of each partner. This led them to propose
A. that power is a systemic property
B. instrumental and expressive roles
C. syncratic and autonomic patterns of power use
D. the sesource theory of power

A power based that arises because one person is more dependent than the other or more concerned about keeping the relationship alive is called:
A. legitimate power
B. referent power
C. the principle of leaset interest
D. reward power

An example of assertiveness as a family power process is
A. "Pick up your room or you'll get a spanking"
B. "I would like you to call me if you are going to be late"
C. "if you marry that woman, you'll not be mention in my will"
D. "No one ever helps with the housework around here"

The power pattern in which each spouse has about equal authority but in different areas of life is called
A. coercive power
B. syncratic pattern
C. autonomic pattern
D. referent power

Which of the following is an example of a syncratic pattern of marital power?
A. both partners go to car dealers to select a new car and to the department store to pick out wallpaper.
B. the husband selects the car and the wife picks out wallpaper
C. The wife selects the car and the husband picks out wallpaper
D. the wife selects the car and the wallpaper

Spouses express power in their interactions in several different ways. The interaction in which one partner is dominant and one is submissive is called
A. complementary interaction
B. competitive symmetry
C. neutrailzed symmetry
D. submissive symmetry

The following dialogue is an example of a __________ marital power interaction. He says, what do you want to do tonight? She says I'm willing to go out if you like or stay home if you would rather. He says do you think we have enough money to go out right now she says we can stay home if you think we don't have enough money
A. neutralized symmetry
B. competitive symmetry
C. submissive symmetry
D. complementary interaction

What tearm refers to how family demands affect work performance?
A. family to work influence
B. none of these
C. strain-based demands
D. time-based demands

What term best describes this idea: the aim of the power interaction is to defeat the other-that is, a win-lose approach?
A. syncratic power pattern
B. autonomic power pattern
C. competitive symmetry
D. complementary interaction
E. submissive symmetry

One partner is dominant and one partner is submissive . this is
A. autonomic power pattern
B. complementary interaction
C. competitive symmetry
D. syncractic power pattern
E. submissive symmetry

Each spouse has about equal authority but in different areas of life. this is
A. complementary interaction
B. competivitve symmetry
C. syncractic power pattern
D. autonomic power pattern
E. submissive symmetry

Authority is shared and decisions are made on a joint basis. This describes:
A. complementary interaction
B. autonomic power patternt
C. syncratic power pattern
D. submissive symmetry
E. competitive symmetry

Both spouses try to give control of the situation to the other. This describes:
A. complementary interaction
B. autonomic power pattern
C. syncractic power pattern
D. submissive symmetry
E. competitive symmetry

Phrases like the opposite sex accentuate the difference between men and women and phrases like the other gender are less likely to reinforce gender stereotypes
True False

Time-based demands focus on the idea that time at work means less time for family life
True False

Gender role stereotypes are the individuals' sense of being male or female
True False

Talcott Parson's theory was criticized because it focused on the problems of traditional family structure and ignored its positive aspects
True False

Mental work inclues listening closely to a partners thoughts
True False

With respect to contemporary gender roles, female and male traits are assumed not to be based on biological sex
True False

The author determined that emotion work is a gender issue that looks differnt for men and women
True False

Although many egalitarian couples believe that housework should be shared equally between husbands and wives in the US wives still bear almost all the responsibility for the housework
True False

Gender-based language reinforces the misguided notion that men are more competent and ratoina than women
True False

The unequal division of mental work affects men's marital satisfaction more than women's
True False

Because people today may be caring for aging parents as well as their own children and because there are more types of families than in previous years, the work and family relationship is evenn more complex
True False

American indian culture is generally more male-centered than Mexican American or African American cultures, as evidenced by the prohibition against women in tribal government
True False

Gender identity is a sense of being male or female and what that means in todays society
True False

Social learning and cognitive development theories were synthesized to describe the effect of positive labeling of gender-specific behaviors on a child's motivation to perform theses behaviors
True False

Family systems that are rigid and enmeshed on the couple and family Map tend to be less open tand more dependent on one another
True False

the Kind of power pattern in which one person is thought to have the normatively prescribed right to dteremine other family members behavior is called referent power
True False

Family power is defined as the ability of one individual to change the behavior of the other family members
True False

A mid-1990s Gallup Poll survey of people in 22 countries found that, across cultures, men were perceived as more aggressive, ambitious, and courageous than women
True False

Feminist theory rejects traditional masculine characteristics
True False

the resource theory of family power suggest that the balance of power in a marriage is related to the relative resources each spouse has
True False

While personal income was related to a spouses power employment alone had no influence
True False

Family power outcomes are commonly studied by observational research that measures family members assertive statments and their consequences
True False

Based on their classic study Husbands and Wives (1960) Blood and Wolfe proposed the resource theory of power
True False

Terry is more interested than Ricky in keeping their relationship alive. The principle of reward power predicts that Ricky will have more power in the relationship than Terry
True False

You don't help out enough around the house this is an example of assertiveness
True False