psych_260_exam_3_day_4.txt

destroying part of the brain and evaluating the animals subsaequent behavior; the functions can no longer be preformed in the region that abilation occured

a wound or injury; lesion=experimental abilation

circuts, functions

no

a method of producing brain lesions; intracerebral injection of an excitatory amino acid, such as kainic acid

a method of produciong brain lesions; placebo procedure that duplicates all procedures of a brain lesion except for the step that actually causes the damage to the brain

energy

Brain surgury using a stereotaxic apparatus to position an electrode in a specified position of the brain

a collection of drawings of sections of the brain of a particular animal with measurements that provide coordinates for the stereotaxic surgury

they often miss the mark

provides 3d information about the shape of the surface of a small object

a histological method that labels the axon and terminal buttons or neurons whose cell bodies are located in a particular region

a protein derived from kidney beans and used as an anterograde tracer; taken up by dendrites and cell bodies and carried to the ends of the axons

they take advantage of the immune reaction; a histological method; antibodies bond with a dye molecule to indicate the presense of particular proteins of peptides

a histological method that labels cell bodies that give rise to the terminal buttons that form synapses with cells in a particular region

retrograde labeling dye that is taken up by the terminal buttons and then carried back to the cell bodies

neurons, patterns of activity

an electrical brain potential recorded by placing electrodes on the scalp; record electrical patterns of electrical activity

a procedure that detects groups of synchronously activated neurons by means of the magnetic field induced by their electrical activity; ueses an array od SQUIDs

A very fine electrode, generally used to record activity of individual neurons

recording of the eectrical activity of a single neuron

an electrode used to record the electrical activity of large numbers of neurons in a particular region of the brain

a computerized method of detecting metabolic or chemical changes in particular regions of the brain

a functional imaging method; reveals the localization of radioactive tracer in a living brain

permits the measurement of regional metabolism in the brain

a technique whereby the interior of the body can be accurately imaged; involves the interaction between radio waves and a strong magnetic field

a device tha employs ba computer to analize data obtained by a scanning beam of x-rays to produce a two-dimensional picture of a "slicde" trhough the body

an imaging method that uses a modified MRI scanner to reveal bundles of myelinated axons in the living human brain

usually acomplished by injecting a small amount of exciatory amino acod, such as kainic acid or glutamic acid into the bain; stimulates neurons near the tip of the cannula, not axons passing through region

stimulation of the cerebral cortex by means of magnetic magnetic fields produced by passing pulses pf electricity through a coil of wire placed next to the skull

responsible for bringing light to the image or stimulus; peripherial vision ("on the side")

responsible for bringing color to the image or stimulus

the process by which sensory stimuli are transduced into slow, graded receptor potentials

region of the retina that mediates the most acute vision of birds and higher mammals; color-sensitive cones constitute the only type of photoreceptor found here

exit point from the retina ganglion cell axons (fibers) that form the optic nerve; responsible for the blind spot

changes in the thickness of the lens of the eye, acomplished by the ciliary muscles, that focus images of near or distant objects on the retina

a bipolar neuron located in the kiddle layer of the retina, conveying information from the photoreceptors to the ganglion cells

a neuron located in the retina that recieves visual information from bipolar cells; its axons give rise to the optic nerve

a group of cell bodies wuthin the lateral geniculate body of the thalemus; recieves inputs from the retina and projects to the primary visual cortex

transmits information necessary for the perception of form, movement, depth, and small diffrences in brighness to the primary visual cortex

transmits info necessary for perception of color and fine details to the primary visual cortex

the "cross roads" where the message crosses the visual field

tha portion of the visual field in which the presentation of visual stimuli will produce an alteration in te fireing rate of a particular neuron

proposed that the eye detetected diffrent colors because it contained 3 types of receptors, each sensitive to a single hue (Trichromatic theory); helps to explain inherited forms of color blindness

red and green cones are confused; "red" cones are filled by "green" cone opsin

red and green cones are confused; "green" cones are filled with "red" cone opsin

hues with short wavelenghts are confused; "blue" cones are either lacking or faulty

orientation-sensitive neuron whos receptive field is organized in an opponent fashion

a neuron in the visual cortex that responds to the presense of a line segment with a particular orientation located within its receptive field, especially when the line moves perpendicularly to its orientation

neuron in the visual cortex that responds to the presense of a line segment with a particular orientation that ends at a particular point within the cells receptive field

region in the visual association cortex; recieves fibers from the striate cortexand from the superior colliculi and projects to the inferior temporal cortex; each region contains one or more independant maps of the visual field

interconnected regions of visual cortex involved in the perception of SPATIAL LOCATION; striate cortex-->posterior parietal cortex/lobe

interconnected regions of visual cortex involved in the perception of FORM; striate cortex-->inferior temporal cortex/lobe; Lateral occipital complex (LOC) involved in object perception; Extrastriate body area (EBA) involved in body parts other than face; PPA area is involved in scenes,areas

EMG(measures muscle activity); EOG (measures eye movement); EEG (most accurate technique)

the shortest wave lenghts; alert

2nd shortest vwave lenghts; calm state, drowziness

short long wave lenghts; dream sleep

longest wave lenghts; deepest sleep

neurological disorder; caused by a hereditary autoimmune disorder

Noradrenaline-->arousel

Serotonin-->arousel

arousel and somnolence

• histamine-->arousel
• GABA(vlPOA)-->sleepiness

released by neurons engaging in high levels of metabolic activity

levels vary in cortex and hippocampus depending on wake/sleep state

Orexin motivates wakefullness; Adenosine promote sleepiness

2 dimensions: negative to positive valence and low to high arousel

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

Diffrent hormones are released depending on the type of emotional experience

damage affects morality, especially the personal ones

behaviors and physiological respones are directly elicited by emotions, the physiology of feeling comes before the emotion of feelings

MRI, CT

Abliation

monitoring brain function during brain surgery, the diagnosis of epilepsy, the study of sleep cycle, the study of wakefulness

diffusion tensor imaging; axons

experimental abilation

the inability to recognize a particular face

white

focus light onto the retina

there are no photoreceptors in the retina where the axons exit the eye

impair night vision

adenosine antagonist

found within ganglion cells