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CH. 31 TEXT BOOK

  1. How do antihistamines work?
    Antihistamines: block histamine from binding to the H1 receptor; and therefore we don't get an allergic reaction
  2. What do antiallergic agents do?
    Antiallergic agents: prevent mast cells from realising histamine
  3. Where is histamine found?
    Found in mast cells and basophilic white blood cells
  4. The largest concentration of histamine is found where?
    • Lungs
    • GI tract
    • Skin
  5. When an antigen comes in contact with the skin or lungs or bloodstream of sensitive individuals, the mast cells and basophils immediately release histamine where?
    • In the blood
    • Histamine then interacts with the membrane receptors in certain tissues to produce the symptoms of an allergy.
  6. What are the two types of receptors associated with histamine?
    H1 and H2 receptors
  7. Where are H1 receptors located?
    • on blood vessels
    • bronchiolar smooth muscle
    • intestinal smooth muscle
    • *there to mediate allergic reactions
  8. Where are H2 receptors located?
    • within the stomach
    • heart
    • blood vessels
    • and uterine tissue
  9. What is the most important response mediated by H2 receptors?
    mediated response of increased gastric acid
  10. Intensity of allergic symptoms is proportional to the amount of....?
    histamine released
  11. Histamine usually produces a transient drop in blood pressure (hypotension) because it.....?
    dilates small blood vessels and capillaries
  12. If histamine produces hypotension by dilating small blood vessels and capillaries; with large concentrations of histamine this can result in....
    hypotension and circulatory collapse
  13. Capillary dilation in the skin results in localized redness called...
    erythema
  14. Histamine causes fluids and proteins to leak out of the capillaries.
    FYI: When capillary leakage occurs in the nasal mucous membranes, nasal congestion occurs. When capillary leakage occurs in the skin, edema, wheals, or hives are produced. Itching and pain occur because histames irritates sensory nerve endings. The erythema and edema produced by histamine in the skin ar known as the Response of Lewis
  15. Histamine produces contraction of the smooth muscle of the intestine and bronchioles by...?
    stimulating H1 receptors
  16. contraction of the bronchiolar smooth muscle results in.....?
    Bronchoconstriction; which makes breathing difficult
  17. Histamine usually produces rapid heartbeat; which is directly related to the...
    amount of histamine present
  18. At high levels of histamine (histamine shock), cardiac conduction is impaired; which may lead to the development of....what?
    • Arrhythmias
    • Cardiovascular collapse
  19. Antiallergic agents prevent histamine release from the mast cells--- no effect on histamine receptors
  20. Cromolyn Sodium (Intal, nasalcrom) is the only available drug that selectivily prevents... what?
    the release of histamine from mast cells
  21. Drugs like cromolyn sodium, which prevent the onset of symptoms or disease as a result of exposure before the reactive process can take place are called....what?
    Prophylactic drugs
  22. Cromolyn sodium is inhaled as a fine micronized powder; The powder form allows the drug to reach the pulmonary mast cells before any antigens can dince an allergic reaction.
  23. Cromolyn Sodium is a prophylactic adjuct in the management of chronic bronchial asthma an allergic rhinitis to prevent... what?
    bronchospams
  24. Patients must be compliant with dosing at regular intervals otherwise the drug cannot achieve a satisfactory resonse.
  25. Antihistamines are used to relieve actue reactions in which histamine has already been released. All the antihistames available specifically block histamine from interfacing with its....?
    H1 receptors
  26. Antihistaminic drugs are usually administered orally because they are absorbed well from the intestinal tract but a few are available for; what type of administration?
    parenteral
  27. First generation antihistamines include...?
    • chlorpheniramine (Chlor-Trimeton)
    • climastine (Tavist)
    • diphenydramine (Benadryl)
    • promethazine (Phenergan)

    *BENADRYL IS STILL CONSIDERED A ANTIHISTAMINE OF CHOICE
  28. Second generation antihistamines are...
    • cetirizine (Zyrtec)
    • fexofendaine (Allegra)
    • loratadine (Claritin)
  29. The 2nd generation appears to be more selective for peripheral...?
    H1 receptors
  30. The major side effect of antihistamines are....?
    sedation (drowsiness)
  31. Antihistames also have what kind of side effects?
    Anticholinergic side effects
  32. Antihistamines are frequently used in acute allergice reactions including: ?
    • itching
    • edema
    • hay fever
    • insect bites
    • rhinitis
  33. Because of anthistamines inherent sedation, they may be used to ....
    induce sleep in OTC sleeping aids (ex:Nytol)
  34. Adverse reactions of anthistamine drugs are: ?
    • Drowsiness and sedation
    • Xerostomia
    • Anticholinergic side effects
  35. Deffinitioh of : Xerostomia: ?
    Dry mouth
  36. When administering antihistamine cation is advised in patients thay may have or are ?
    • Cardiovascular disease
    • glaucoma
    • urinary retention
    • infants
    • nursing mothers
  37. Caution advised when prolonged topical use of anthistamine may cause....
    hypersensitivity
  38. Drug interactions of anthistamines are....
    • Sedatives
    • Tranquilizers
    • Alcohol

    * may increase the incidence of drowsiness
Author
AmberC0809
ID
77228
Card Set
CH. 31 TEXT BOOK
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text book
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