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What is the phase order of hematopoiesis in utero?
- Prehaptic phase - erythropoiesis in yolk sac, nucleated erythrocytes
- Hepatosplenothymic phase - leukocytes, platelets appear, non-nucleated erythrocytes
- Medullolymphatic phase - bone marrow
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1. Define red marrow
2. Define yellow marrow
- 1. Active hematopoietic reticular connective tissue
- 2. Adipose tissue
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What are the cellular steps Erythropoiesis?
- Pluripotential stem cell
- Multipotential myeloid cell
- CFU-E (influenced by erythropoietin, IL3, IL4)
- Proerythroblast
- Basophilic erythroblast
- Polychromatophilic erythroblast
- Normoblast/Orthrochromatophilic erythroblast
- Reticulocyte (loses nucleus)
- Erythrocyte
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What are the cellular steps in Granulopoiesis?
- Pluripotential stem cell
- Multipotential myeloid cell
- CFU-GM, CFU-Eo, CFU-Ba (by respective CSFs, IL3, IL5)
- Myeloblast
- Promyelocyte
- Neutrophilic, Eosinophilic, Basophilic myelocyte
- Neutrophilic, Eosinophilic, Basophilic metamyelocyte
- Band Neutrophil
- Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil
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What are the cellular steps in Monocyte development?
- Pluripotential stem cell
- Multipotential myeloid cell
- CFU-GM
- CFU-M
- Monoblast
- Promonocyte
- Monocytes
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What are the steps in Thrombopoiesis?
- Pluripotential stem cell
- Multipotential myeloid cell
- CFU-Meg
- Megakaryoblast
- Megakaryocyte - produce platelets
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What is a CFU?
- Colony forming unit
- Unipotential precursor to hemotopoietic steps
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Define nutrient foramina/arteries
Supply sinusoidal capillaries, pass through bone cortex
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What are adventitial reticular cells?
Support cells in cords of medullary cavity - make up STROMA
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When RBCs break down, what are the possible fates of hemoglobin/heme?
- Hemoglobin binds to haptoglobin (carrier protein)
- Hemoglobin broken down, heme binds to hemopexin (carrier protein)
- Cleared by liver macrophages
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What role do RBCs have in blood buffering?
Contain carbonic anhydrase - forms bicarbonate
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1. Examples of Integral RBC membrane proteins
2. Peripheral membrance proteins
- 1. Band 3 protein (binds hemoglobin), blood group antigens
- 2. Inside surface of cell membrane
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What is a normal Erythrocyte Count?
4-6 x 10^6 RBC/ uL
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Define Hematocrit, normal level
- % RBC volume of blood volume
- 40-45%
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Define unit: Hemoglobin, normal value
- Total hemoglobin in all RBC in 1 dL
- 1/3 of %Hematocrit in g/dL
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Define Mean Cell Volume
- Average volume of each RBC
- Hematocrit/RBC count
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Define:
1. Normocytic
2. Anisocytosis
- 1. Normal MCV
- 2. Abnormal MCV
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Define Mean Cell Hemoglobin
Average hemoglobin content per RBC
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Define Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration
- Hemoglobin (g/L) / Hematocrit
- Normochromic, hyperchromic, hypochromic
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Types of anemia
- Blood loss anemia
- Aplastic anemia - lack of functioning bone marrow
- Megaloblastic anemia - B12, folic acid def.
- Hemolytic anemia - RBC easily rupture
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If RBC size change (anisocytosis), indicates:
- Microcytic - iron def.
- Macrocytic - Folic acid, B12 def.
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RBC irregular shapes (Poikilocytosis), indications
- Spiked RBC - alterations in plasma/lipids (liver disease)
- Schistocytes - damage from abnormal vessels
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Describe the regulation of erythropoiesis
- Kidney cortex senses O2 levels
- Secrete erythropoietin
- Stimulates maturation, prevents apoptosis
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Define pernicious anemia
- Lack of DNA synth via Vit B12 def.
- Results in fragile, macrocytic RBCs
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Where does granulopoiesis occur?
Bone marrow - also location of reserve
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What is polycythemia?
- Production of large quantities of extra red blood cells
- Volycythemia Vera - pathological
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