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name the 4 types of membranes
1. epithelia
2. serous
3. mucous
4. synovial
membranes line the body cavity that lack openings to the outside
serous membranes
membranes line the cavities and tubes that open to the outside of the body
Mucous membrane
membranes form the inner lining of joint cavities between the end of bones at freely movable joints
synovial membranes
the cutaneous membrane in an organ of the integumentary system and is more commonly called
skin
name the 2 distinct layers of the skin
epidermis
dermis
the epidermis and the dermis are seperated by a
base membrane
the __-____ is located directly below the dermis
subcutaneously layer
cells located in the epidermis called _____ producce the dark pigment, melanin
melanocytes
the outermost layer of the epidermis is the
stratum corneum
glands are sweat glands that respond to body temperature elevated by enviornmental heat or physical exercise
eccrine glands
_____ glands are sweat glands that become active at puberty
apocrine
name the 2 types of muscles that produce the most heat
skeletal
cardiac
the main way the body loses heat is through
sweat glands
the body may loose heat through
eccrine glands
apocrine glands
sudoriferous (sweat glands)
the ___ controls the body's temperature
hypothalamus
inflammation is a normal response to
injury or stress
bones are classified according to their
shapes
name the 5 different shapes of bones
long
short
flat
irregular
sesamoid
the end of a bone is
epiphysis
the shaft of a bone
diaphysis
the membrane around bones is called
periosteum
the medullary cavity of a bone contains
red and
yellow marrow
the ____ is the membrane around the medullary cavity
endosteum
deposit bones
osteoblast
dissolve bone
osteoclast
rickets and osteomalacia are caused by a defiency of vitamin
D
blood cell formation is called
hematopoiesis
___ _____ functions in teh formation of red and white blood cells and blood platelets
red marrow
___ _____ stores fat
yellow marrow
the human body has how many bones
206
the axial skeleton includes the
skull - cranium
hyoid bone
vertebral column
thoracic cage
the appendicular skeleton consist of
pectorial girdle
upper and lower limbs
pelvic girdle
name the eight bones of the cranium
frontal
left and right parietal
left and right temporal
occipital
ethmoid
sphenoid
the fibrous membrane that separeate the cranial bones at birth are called
fontanells (sutures)
syndesmosis is a type of fibrous joint where the bones are held together by an
ligament
__-____ are found between flat bones of the skull that are united by a sutural ligamnet
wormian bones
a __is a joint formed by the union of a coneshaped process and a socket
gomphosis
________and_______ are the two types of cartliaginous joints
synchondrosis and symphysis
__ joints allow free movement of the joint
synovial
synovial joints are sometimes partially or completely divided into 2 compartments by disk of fibrocartilage
menisci
the thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the synovial join is called
articular cartilage
the inner layer of the joint capsule of a synovial joint is called
synovial membrane
name two examples of ball and socket joints
shoulder and hip
give two examples of condyloid joint
metacarpals and phalanges
____joints allow only sliding or back and forth movement
gliding
in a ____joint, the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone
hinge
a ---- joint consist of one bone rotating within another ring shaped bone
pivot
the closed fluid filled sacs within the synovial joints are called
bursea
the _____ _____ extends from the skull to the pelvis and consist of 26 bones called
vertebral column
vertebrae
the vertebral column has four curvatures which are called
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
the seven ____ vertebrae compromise the bony axis of the neck
cervical
the first vertebrae is the
atlas
there are _____thoracic vertebrae
12
there are _____lumbar vertebrae
5
the sacrum is a triangular structure at the base of the
vertebral column
the coccyx is the lowest part of the vertebral column and has 4 vertebrae that fuse together by age
25 (nearly all bones are ossified and skeletal growth ceases)
the ____ is a heavy bone that attaches the scapula to the elbow
humerus
____ is a loose connective tissue that holds muscle in place
tendon
_____and______ are the two muscle proteins that make contraction work
actin and myosin
the only energy compound needed for muscle contraction is
ATP
the site where the nerve and the muscle fibers meet is called
neuromuscular junction
____neurons sends impulses to the brain
sensory
____neurons receive impulses from the brain
motor
___are chemicals that relay impulses from one neuron to another
neurotransmitter
_____is a compound that is a skeletal muscle neurotransmitter
acetylcholine
______is the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine
acetylcholinesterase
_____ ______ is the energy source used to regenerate atp from adp and phosphate
creatine phosphate
the _________ is the phenomenon that muscle fibers contract completely or not at all. no partial contraction is possible
all or none response
muscle ____ is the partial contraction of a muscle
muscle tone
when muscle shorten as a result of contraction this is called a _____contraction
isotonic
when the tension of a muscle increases but the legnth stays the same it is called an _____ contraction
isometric
the _____ period is the delay between the time the stimulus was applied and the time the mucsle responded
latent
the ______ period is the period following the stimulation of a muscle when the muscle remains unresponsive
refractory
successive contrations of a muscle until maximum stregnth is reached is called the
sustained contraction
a ____ contraction is sustained muscle contraction
tetanic
muscle _____is a decrease in size and stegnth of a muscle
atrophy
the immovable end of a muscle is called
origin
the moveable end of a muscle is called
insertion
______are muscles that oppose other muscle
antagonist
the ____controls the movement of the jaw aids in chewing food and is the strongest muscle in the body
masseter
a _____ is a muscle that controls a circular opening
sphincter
a ____ is a series of involuntary contractions of various voluntary muscles
seizure
_____ is the spontaneous contractions of individual muscle fibers producing rapid and uncoordinated activity within a muscle
fibrillation
Author
jayme529
ID
77122
Card Set
A&P
Description
A&P CHAPTERS 4-9
Updated
2011-04-06T03:41:18Z
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