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Circulatory System
- Transports O2 blood and nutrients throughout body and picks up metabolic waste for disposal.
- Transports hormones, enzymes, and blood clotting factors also
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Hemostasis
Ensures rupture in blood vessel is repairedquickly by clotting
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Circulatory System (2 large loops)
- Pulmonary Circulation
- Systemic Circulation
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Pulmonary Circulation
Carries blood between heart and lungs for gas exchange
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Systemic Circulation
Carries blood from heart to rest of body's tissues
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Arteries
Carry blood away from heart (oxygenated)
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Veins
Carry blood to heart (deoxygenated)
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Pulmonary Artery
- Leaves heart from R ventricle
- Deox blood
- Going to lungs
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Pulmonary Vein
- Enters heart in R atrium
- O2 blood
- Coming from lungs
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Atria
Receiving chambers of the heart
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Ventricles
Discharging chambers of the heart
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Heart Layers
- Epicardium - outer layer
- Myocardium - middle layer
- Endocardium - inner most layer
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Epicardium Layer
- Coronary arteries embedded in this layer
- Feed heart
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Myocardium Layer
- Cardiac muscle
- Allows electrical activity to spread easily
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Endocardium Layer
- Lines chambers of heart
- Lines inside of vessels
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Paricardium
- Thin membrane sac
- Surronds heart
- Supports and lubricates heart during contraction
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Aorta
Largest artery in body
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Tricuspid Valve
Right side of heart
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Bicuspid Valve
Mitral Valve
Left side of heart
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Right Side of Heart
Receives deoxygenated blood
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Left Side of Heart
Receives oxygenated blood
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Blood Flow Anatomy
- Heart
- Artery
- Arterioles
- Capillaries
- Venules
- Veins
- Heart
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Heart Anatomy
- Atria - (L&R Atrium) receives blood
- Ventricles - (L&R) discharge blood
- Tricuspid valve - separates R atrium from R ventricle
- Pulmonary Semilunar Valve - separates R ventricle from pulmonary arteries
- Bicuspid / Mitral Valve - separates L atrium from L ventricle
- Aortic Semilunar Valve - separates L ventrical from aorta
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Heart Circulation
- Deox blood from body to superior/inferior venae cavae
- Empty into R atrium
- Through tricuspid into R ventricle
- Out pulm sem valve to L&R pulm arteries
- To lungs for O2
- Return to heart (O2) in pulm vein
- Enters L atrium
- Through bicuspid/mitral valve into L ventricle
- Through aortic sem valve into aorta
- Out to body
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Artery Characteristics
- Surrounded by smooth muscsle that contracts
- Can palpate with fingers
- Found deep in dermis
- Spet with pulse
- Brite blood
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Arteriole Blood Gas (ABG)
- Most common gas tested
- O2 and
- CO2
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Vein Characteristics
- Contain less muscle than arteries
- Found superficial to dermis
- Bounce back when palpated (no pulse)
- Steady bleed
- Most common blood used for lab tests
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Capillaries
- Smallest of blood vessels
- 1 RBC thick
- Where gas exchange occurs
- If cut, oozes
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Artery / Vein Layers
- Tunica Intima - inner layer
- Tunica Media - middle layer
- Tunica Adventitia - outer layer
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3 Most Common Veins
- Choice 1 - Median Cubital - best for anchoring
- Choice 2 - Cephalic - thumb side, rolls
- Choice 3 - Basilic - pinky side, bruises
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Longest Vein
Sephenous Vein
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Formed Elements
- 45%
- Red blood cells 99% of
- Less than 1% of
- White blood cells
- Platelets
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Plasma
- Liquid part = 55%
- Made mostly of water
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Erythrocytes
- RBC formed in bone marrow
- Live 120 days
- Hemoglobin carry O2
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Leukocytes
- Lymphocytes - most abundant in quantity
- Monocytes - Largest in size (macrophage)
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Thrombocytes
- Formed in bone marrow
- Blood clotting
- Fibrinogen
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Lymph Vessels
- Closed ended system
- 1-way
- Start at capillary beds
- Join venus system near superior vena cava
- System is green
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Lymph Fluid
- Found between cells (interstitial fluid)
- Main transportation system for dietary fat
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Lymph Nodes
Act as filter during infection
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Lymph Organs
- Spleen - old RBC recycled
- Thymus - maturation of immune system during developement
- Nodes - chambers have lymphocytes screening lymph fluid for signs of infection
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Lymphedema
Accumulation of interstitial fluid (blocked lymph vessel)
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Non-Specific Immunity
- Defense against infection (no cell markers)
- Types include -
- Physical,
- Phagocytes,
- Inflammation
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Specific Immunity
- Molecular recognition of cell markers
- T-Cell - killer, memory, helper (cel mediated immunity)
- B-Cell - antibodies (antibody mediated immunity)
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Autoimmunity
Body kills self
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Allergy
- Inappropriate response
- Severe immune response
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AIDS
Attacks helper T-cells (CD4/8)
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Anemia
Decreased # of RBC or amount of hemoblobin in blood
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Polycythemia
Increase in # of blood cells, especially RBC
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Leukemia
Malignant neoplasm in bone marrow, cause increase in WBC
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Primary Hemostasis
- Vascular Spasm - constriction of blood vessels to lesson bleeding
- Platelet Phase - platelets stick to endothelial layer of vessel wall, more stick and so on (aggregation)
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Secondary Hemostasis
Coagulation phase
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Blood Composition
- Formed Elements - 45% of whole blood
- 99% of is RBC,
- <1% of is WBC and platelets
- Plasma - 55% of whole blood
- 90% of is water,
- 10% of is solutes
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