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What specialty within medicine focuses on the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the lungs?
pulmonology
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What is the approximate surface area with the lungs?
equal to the area of a racquetball court
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What are the two anatomical divisions of the respiratory system?
upper & lower respiratory tract
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What are the two functional divisions of the respiratory system?
conducting & respiratory portions
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The nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynkx make up what part of the anatomical divisions of the respiratory system?
upper respiratory tract
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The larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs make up what part of the anatomical divisions of the respiratory system?
lower respiratory tract
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What bones form the bridge of the nose?
nasal bones
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What are the external nares?
nostrils
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What structure is the nasal cavity continuous with posteriorly?
pharynx
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What are the openings between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx?
internal nares
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What is the regions of the nasal cavity near the nostrils?
vestibule
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What structure divides the nasal cavity into left and right portions?
nasal septum
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What skeletal elements make up the nasal septum?
septal nasal cartilage, perpendicular plate of the ethmoid & vomer
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What are the three bony projections on the lateral walls of the nasal cavity?
superior, middle & inferior nasal conchae
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What is another name for the nasal conchae?
turbinate bones
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List the paranasal sinuses.
frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal & maxillary sinuses
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What type of tissue lines the paranasal sinuses and thenasal cavity?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
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What type of tissue lines the nasal vestibule?
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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What is the funnel-shaped region that connects the nasal cavity and oral cavity to the larynx and the esophagus?
pharynx
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What region of the pharynx is posterior to the nasal cavity and superior to the soft palate?
nasopharynx
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What type of tissue lines the nasopharynx?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
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How is the middle ear cavity related to the nasopharynx?
auditory tubes open into nasopharynx
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What lymphatic structure lies within the nasopharynx?
pharyngeal tonsils or adenoids
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What region of the pharynx lies between the soft palate and the level of the hyoid bone?
oropharynx
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What type of tissue lines the oropharynx?
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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What lymphatic structures lie within the oropharynx?
palatine & linguinal tonsils
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What structures are surgically excised during a tonsillectomy?
palatine tonsils
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What region of the pharynx lies between the level of the hyoid bone and the superior border of the esophagus or the level of the inferior border of the crocoid cartilage?
laryngopharynx
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What type of tissue lines the laryngopharynx?
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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What type of tissue lines the superior portion of the larynx?
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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What type of tissue lines the inferior portion of the larynx?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
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What component of the larynx forms the anterior and lateral walls and the anterior projection known as the larygeal prominence or "Adam's apple" in males?
thyroid cartilage
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What ring-shaped structure of the larynx forms the inferior base of this organ and connects it to the trachea?
cricoid cartilage
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What band of dense connective tissue lies between cricoid cartilage and the thyroid cartilage of the larynx and can be palpated?
cricothyroid ligament
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What spoon- or leaf-shaped structure of the larynx folds over the laryngeal opening during swallowing to prevent food and drink from entering the larynx?
epiglottis
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What is the opening between the vocal cords?
rima glottidis or glottis
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What is the tubular structure that extends from the larynx inferiorly for 12 - 14 centimeters into the mediastinum?
trachea
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What structure lies immediately posterior to the trachea?
esophagus
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What structures keep the trachea patent?
c-shaped tracheal cartilages
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What type of tissue lines the trachea?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
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At what level does the trachea bifurcate?
level of the sternal angle
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What are the bifurcations of the trachea?
primary bronchi
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What is the most inferior, keel-shaped cartilage of the trachea?
carina
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What is the highly branched system of air-conducting passages that originate from the left and right primary bronchi and branch into narrower tubes as they diverge throughout the lungs before entering the terminal bronchioles?
bronchial tree
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Which primary bronchus is more likely to have foreign objects fall lodge in it?
Why?
- right
- it's wider & steeper
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What airways within the lungs are less than 1 mm in diameter?
bronchioles
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Within the lungs what are the small saccular outpocketings that provide surfaces for the diffusion of gases?
alveoli
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What serous membranes cover the lungs and line the internal thoracic wall?
pleura
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What specific serous membranes adhere to the outer surfaces of the lungs?
visceral pleura
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What specific serous membrane lines the walls of the thorax cavity, the lateral surface of the mediastinum, and covers the superior surface of the diaphragm?
parietal pleura
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What is the potential space between the layers of the serous membranes assocaited with the lungs?
pleural cavity
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What is the general shape of the lungs?
conical shape
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What portion of each lung is concave and lies on the diaphragm?
base
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What portion of each lung is the superior, blunt end?
apex
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How far superiorly does each lung extend?
superior to the clavicle
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What portion of each lung is in contact with the thoracic wall?
costal surface
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What portion of each lung is directed medially?
mediastinal surface
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What portion of each lung is directed medially, oriented vertically, is indented, and is the area through which the bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic cessels, and nerves pass?
hilum
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Collectively what are the bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves passing into each lung called?
root
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What is the indentation formed by the heart within the left lung?
cardiac notch
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List the lobes of the right lung.
superior, middle & inferior lobes
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List the lobes of the left lung.
superior & inferior lobes
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