Nursing; Test III

The production of blood

Blood performs 3 makor functions

composed primarily of water, contains proteins, electrolytes, gases, nutrients and waste

Three types of Blood cells

Primary function is phagocytosis(a process by which WBCs engulf any unwanted organisms and kill them)

Most common type of granulocytes

Primary function is to initiate the clotting process by producing a platelet plug

Blood clotting process

A large component of the hematologic system
Classified into 4 components: hematopoietic, filtration, immunologic and storage

Conists of Lymph fluid, lymphatic capillaries, ducts, and lymph nodes
Carries fluid from the interstitial space to the blood

Involves several lab tests, assessing the three major blood cells formed in the bone marrow

measures the sedementation or settling of RBCs and is used to measure many diseases, especially inflammatory conditions

Serum Iron
Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)
serum ferritin
transferrin saturation

CT
MRI

A deficiency in the # and or volume of RBCs, and the quantity of hemoglobin

used to determine the severity of anemia

Ultimate goal of anemia therapy

may include blood transfusion, drug therapy, volume replacement, O2 therapy, diet/lifestyle changes,

may develop from inadequate dietary intake, malabsorption, blood loss, or hemolysis

A group of diseases that has an autosomal-recessive genetic basis that involves inadequate production of normal hemoglobin

-requires no treatment bc the body addapts (jaundice and enlarged spleen)
-managed with blood trasfusions(life threatning, sympts develop in childhood, pale, enlarged spleen, hepatomegly, bone marrow hyperplasia)

A group of disorders caused by impaired DNA sythesis and characterized by the presence of large RBCs

common form of Megaloblastic(large RBCs) Anemia
results in poor absorption through the GI tract
symptoms; sore tongue, anorexia, N/V, abd pain
parenteral or intranasal administration is the Tx of choice

another common form of Megaloblastic anemia
required for DNA synthesis leading to RBC formation and maturation
treated by replacement therapy

-a disease in which the patient has a decrease of all blood cell types and hypocellular bone marrow
-Tx includes finding and removing the causitive agent and providing support ; reverse isolation

-A group of inherited, autosomal recessive disorders characterized by abnormally shaped (sickle shaped) RBCs; incurable and often fatal
-episodes are most commonly triggered by low O2 tension in the blood
-S/S; anemia, jaundice, pain, fever, swelling, HTN, N/V
-Tx includes alleviating the symptoms and minimizing end target organ damage
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Low MCV (82-96)

Low MCHC (31%-36%)

High MCV (82-96)

-non differentiated immature blood cell found in bone marrow
-all three types of blood cells develop from this
-responds to increased demand for the dif types of cells

-Transports O2, nutrients, hormones, and waste products
-Assists in regulation of fluid, electrolyte and acid/base balance
-Composed of plasma and blood cells

-Arrives first to the site of infection
-Primary function is phagocytosis

-Found in large numbers in the GI tract and lungs
-Contains histamine
-Defends against parasites

-Ignites immune response
-Limited role in phagocytosis
-Contains heparin, serotonin, and histamine

Monocytes that have migrated into tissue
-Called Kupffer cells
-Called ostoclasts
-Called Alveolar macrophages

-stored as ferritin and hemosiderin in bone marrow,spleen, liver and macrophages
-recycled after macrophages ingest and destroy old,damaged RBCs

-Initate clots
-Life span of 5-7 days
-Participate in clot shrinkage and reaction

1. Vascular response
2. Platelet plug formation
3. Development of fibrin clot of platelet plug by plasma clotting factors
4. Lysis of clot

-Stores excess Iron
-produces hepcidin

-Able to produce RBCs during fetal development
-Filters RBCs
-Contains rich supply of Lymphocytes, monocytes, and immunoglobin
-Stores RBCs and 30% of mass platelets

Hgb, Hct, Differential, Platelet ct, ESR, Blood typing, RH factor, Bilirubin, Serum iron, TIBC, Ferritin

CT,MRI,Bone scan, Biopsies of bone marrow and lymph nodes, gene analysis

-May exsist w/o symptoms
-Possible symptoms
- Palpations/dyspnea/diaphoresis

-symptoms of increased cardio symptoms at rest or on exertion

symptoms of multiple body systems; skin(pallor, jaundice),eyes(pale),mouth(pale,dry),cardio(palpitations)

-common symptoms of anemia; pallor being the most common
-Swollen tongue is the second most common

-Heartburn, constipation and diarrhea
-Black stools

severe prolonged bleeding due to defective clotting

-A reduction in the # of neutrophils
-clients normal flora most common source of infection
-S/S; diarrhea, sore throat, lesions, vaginal itching, SOB
-pt usually in reverse isolation