endocrine medication

are used for type 2 diabetic mellitus only

stimulate beta cell of pancreas to release insulin.

• Hypoglycemia
• Nausea, constipation
• Agranulocytosis
• Allergic skin reaction
• Weight gain

oral anti-diabetic drugs used for diabetes mellitus type 2 that work by preventing the digestion of carbohydrates

• Flatulence and diarrhea
• Hypoglycemia

lower blood sugar by blocking glucose production from the liver and increasing sensitivity of body cells to insulin

• Hypoglycemia
• Abdominal discomfort, nausea and diarrhea
• Metallic taste in the mouth may occur at
• first as your body adjusts to the medication. This okay tell patient it will go away Can cause lactic acidosis-

• Diabetic ketoacidosis
• Liver diseases

they increase cell sensitivity to insulin thus allowing insulin to push more glucose into the cell

hypoglycemia

• Teach patient to avoid Aspirin, alcohol they also cause hypoglycemic effect
• Teach the patient to avoid Glucocorticoids, thiazide diuretics, and estro­gen because they increase blood glucose levels
• Patient with hypersensitivity reaction to sulfur or urea containing medication cannot take sulfonylurea

• Rapid Insulin
• Short acting Insulin
• Intermediate Acting Insulin
• Long Acting Insulin

• Usually given subcutaneously except regular or rapid insulin that can be given IV under emergency
• Rotation should be 1.5 inches apart within the
• anatomical site.
• Insulin syringe come in 27 to 29 gauge needle which is
• approximately 0.5 inches long
• DO NOT aspirate when giving the injection
• Administer insulin subcut at 90 degree angle, but If the patient is too thin at 45 degree angle

• Abdomen- best site
• Arm- posteriorsurface
• Thigh- anterior surface
• Hips

• Draw the Regular insulin into syringe FIRST before drawing the intermediate acting
• Insulin zinc suspension can only be mixed with each other or with regular insulin
• Mixed insulin must be administered within 5 to 15 minutes of preparation otherwise regular insulin will bind to NPH thereby decreasing the action

• Wipes off vials with alcohol swab
• Inject 12 units of air into NPH (cloudy)vial
• Inject 6 unit of air into Humalog (clear) vial
• Withdraw 6 unit of humalog (clear) insulin
• Withdraw 12 units of NPH (cloudy)insulin

• Do not expose insulin to sunlight or extreme of temperature
• Keep insulin in cool place (refrigerator) but should not be frozen.
• Before administration let it warm to room temperatur Label vial with date, time opened and when due to expire
• Mixture of insulin in prefilled syringes should be kept in the refrigerator flat or with the needle in upright position to avoid clogging the needle

Local allergic reactions

• Instruct the client to avoid the use of alcohol to cleanse the skin prior to injection
• Give antihistamine to be taken 1 hour prior to injection

Lipoatrophy is loss of subcutaneous fat and appears as slight dimpling or pitting

is the development of fibrous fatty masses at the injection site; caused by repeated use of an injection site

occurs when the client receiving insulin develops immune antibodies that bind the insulin, thereby decreasing the insulin available for use in the body.

Administering a pure form of insulin preparation-Human is the purest

• Morning blood glucose levels
• blood glucose level may rise between 4 am and 8am.

• includes administering an evening dose of intermediate-acting insulin at 10 PM
• by checking the blood glucose level in the middle of the night (around 3 AM).

• this occurs during the night when there is rapid drop of blood glucose
• hypoglycemia occurs at 2 to 3 AM

• the gradual increase in blood glucose levels from bedtime to morning.
• blood sugars must be checked 3 times over night

Increases blood glucose level by stimulating glycogenolysis

All patients with diabetes should have a glucagon emergency kit available.

Increases blood glucose level by inhibiting insulin release from the beta cells and stimulating the release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla

Tropin

body can dev antibodies to the growth hormone

Used for-Growth failure in children

·

inhibit growth hormone

hyperglycemia, hypertension, allergic reaction(rash,swelling), pain at injection site

inhibit secretion of growth hormone treatment of Acromegaly

Diarrhea, nausea, abdominal discomfort, increased or decreased glucose level

• Teach client how to document monthly height and weight measurements and to report any
• less-than-expected growth to physician

Monitor blood and urine glucose levels and teach the client about the impor­tance of follow-up regarding blood and urine glucose testing

used in diabetes insipidus

• tachycardia and Hypertension
• Nasal congestion with nasal administration

congestive heart failure ; coronary artery or vascular disease and vasoconstriction causes blood pressure elevation

• Used to replace thyroid hormone deficit in the treat­ment of hypothyroidism, myxedema, or cretinism
• Used to diagnose thyroid deficiency and myxedema

• drug over dose can manifiest as signs and symtoms of hyperthyrodism
• hypertension,tachycardia, dysrthmias

• level of thyroxine -T3 and T4 and TSH
• avoid asprine and tartrazines
• avoid food that can inhibit tyroid secretion
• tyroid has no treatment care so tyroid homones is life long
• intruct patient no to change brand of tyroid medicaton with out doctor approval
• intruct client to wear a medi-alert braclet

These are medication that Inhibit the synthesis of thyroid hormone

• Agranulocytosis with leucopenia
• Hypothyroidism
• loss of hair- alopecia
• nausea, jaundice, loss of taste
• Diarrhea

• Glucocorticoid
• Mineralocorticocoid
• Adrenal androgen

are medication that have same effect as cortisone produced in the adrenal gland

• -cort
• -sone

• decrease immunity
• Fluid and electrolyte imbalance
• Poor wound healing
• direct bone loss leading to increase risk of osteoporosis
• peptic ulcer
• Hyperglycemia

• patient with immunosuppressive condition
• avoid immunizations

• Never discontinue or stop the use of glucocorticoid medication abruptly this could lead to a serious adrenal insufficiency. Dosage should be tapered off gradually
• Patient must not increase or decrease dose without consulting the doctor.

acts on kidneys to retain sodium and water but facilitate loss of potassium and hydrogen

• hypertension, tachycardia, edema, weight gain and heart failure
• Hypokalemia
• Metabolic alkalosis- due to loss of hydrogen
• Hypocalcemia
• Thromboembolism

stimulate the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol.

Drug used to treat low calcium –hypocalcemia

CALCIUM REGULATORS

• renal stones
• fatigue, ataxia, irritability, somnolence and seizure. Hypotonia in infant
• Bone-bone decalcification
• distress or constipation
• hypertension, dysrhythimias in a client taking digoxin

• main­tain an adequate intake of vitamin D, because vitamin D enhances absorption of calcium
• swallow tablet whole with water at least 30 minutes before breakfast and not to lie down for at least 30 minutes after taking medication

• Promote urinary excretion of calcium
• Inhibit mobilization of calcium from bone to the blood
• Decrease intestinal absorption of calcium
• Bind with free calcium in blood to form complexes that are not calcium

low serum calcium level, which increases neuromuscular excitability