Pharmacology

true or false. Disease-induced changes of GI tract and liver can influence body homeostasis
True False

What is the primary route for drug administration?

_______ of the top 50 drugs prescribed in US are agents used for management of GI problems, and some are available OTC

Why is it so important to consider drug effects and the medical condition the drug is managing, and especially questioning the pt regarding drugs managed OTC?

What is the main symptom of GERD? What commonly brings on this symptom, and what might this pain mimic? What is a good way to prevent this from occuring during DH appointment?

What are 4 common complications of GERD? What are 2 things that might exacerbate these complications?

Medical treatment for GERD consists of what 2 things?

What are 4 common meds used to help neutralize stomach contents or reduce gastric acid secretion in pts with GERD? and what 2 conditions can they treat?

What are 2 agents that are commonly used in the maintenance treatment of reflux esophagitis?

Which type of drug's mechanism of action is that of antihistamines that block receptors in the GI tract, they inhibit action of histamine at receptors of parietal cells, and include; cimetidine, nizatidine, ranitidine, and famotidine.?

Cimetidine, nizatidine, ranitidine, and famotidine are all H2-receptor blocking agents, are they sold OTC?

What are 5 ADEs for cimetidine, nizatidine, ranitidine, and famotidine (H2-receptor antagonists used for GERD and PUD)?

What are 2 possible drug interactions with cimetidine (Tagamet) an H2-receptor blocking agent?

What are 2 possible drug interactions with ranitidine, an H2-receptor blocking agent?

which drug is the prototype for the Proton Pump Inhibitors?

Which type of drug's mechanism of action is to bind to proton pumps of parietal cells and inhibits final step in secretion of hydrogen ions into the gastric lumen?

proton pump inhibitors are approved for ___________ treatment of peptic ulcers

What are the most effective Proton pump inhibitors available for acid suppression?

Why is there a concern for lont-term use of proton pump inhibitors?

List 5 available proton pump inhibitor agents.

Which type of drug might increase blood levels of some azole antifungals owing to tablet dissolution in the presence of a high gastric pH; so you should avoid concomitant administration of the 2 drugs, and take them about 2 hours apart.

What is the drug-drug interaction of proton pump inhibitors with enteric-coated salicylates?

true or false. PPI drugs might inhibit the activity of some hepatic P450 enzymes, decreasing the clearance of some drugs. This effect may cause dental drug interactions with what 3 drugs?
True False

Is it ok to use PPI's with enteric-coated aspirin?

Name 2 cytoprotective agents.

Which of the cytoprotective agents is an aluminum hydroxide of sucrose and has effectiveness in healing peptic ulcers and relapse; which is related to its topical affect via negative charged sulfate groups?

true or false. There are no known serious side effects to sucralfate; but it may decrease the absorption of other drugs
True False

Which of the cytoprotective agents is a prokinetic agent, but was removed from the market owing to dangerous drug interactions, but may be available for compassionate use only?

What condition is characterized by erosion of the gastric or duodenal mucosa by acid and pepsin?

What are 6 factors that exacerbate PUD condition?

What are the 2 main causes of peptic ulcer disease (PUD)?

The normal gastroduodenal mucosa resists injury from acid and pepsin in the gastric juice by __________ ___________ ________

What do NSAIDS and Helicobacter pylori infections do to cause problems in the GI tract?

What is a major drug-disease interaction associated with peptic ulcer disease?

What is an example of a prostaglandin analog that prevents gastric ulcers in patients on chronic NSAID therapy, and does so by increasing mucin and bicarbonate release?

What is the most common adverse affect of the prostaglandin analog Misoprostol?

What are 4 symptoms of peptic ulcer disease?

What are the 3 primary types of drugs used to manage PUD?

What are 4 other medical treatments/strategies for PUD not including the 3 primary ones?

What are 4 common drugs used in antibacterial chemotherapy for the treatment of PUD?

Antacids can be effective in promoting the healing of duodenal ulcers, their efficacy is based on their inherent ability to reacti with and _________________________________

The following are antacids used to heal duodenal ulcers; what is the risk from each of these?
sodium bicarbonate
calcium salts
aluminum salts
magnesium hydroxide

Which type of drug has the 3 following interactions with other drugs?
increases gastric pH, which may alter tablet dissolution, ionization, and gastric emptying time; absorption of weakly acidic drugs is decreased, and weekly basic drug absorption is increased, possibly resulting in toxicity
Adsorbing or binding drugs to their surface, resulting in decreased drug absorption or effect
increasing urinary pH, affecting the rate of drug elimination. excretion of basic drugs is decreased, and acidic drug excretion is enhanced

What is the most useful anticholinergic drug used to treat peptic ulcer disease? and how may it be used?

The timing of taking anticholinergic drugs and antacids is CRITICAL! When should each be taken?

What are 3 side effects and contraindications for the use of the anticholinergic drug propantheline in the treatment of PUD?

true or false. anticholinergic agents are rarely used in the tx of PUD. Why?
True False

Which type of drug used to treat peptic ulcer disease has the mechanism of action of inhibiting muscarinic actions of acetylcholine at postganglionic PANS neuroeffector sites; and this response is dose-related; a large dose is required to inhibit acid secretion.

What is the passage of excessively dry stool, infrequent or insufficient size of stool?

What are 6 major causes of constipation?

Constipation in most nonhospitalized pts can be resolved by doing what 2 things?

Bulk-forming agents and saline laxatives are used for the medical treatment of what condition?

Bulk-forming agents and saline laxatives may be classified into what 2 things?

What agent is commonly used to prepare for colonoscopy and enhances the cleaning of the GI tract over a 12-hr period when used as directed?

bulk-forming agents and saline laxatives are more effective when administered with what?

Irritants are used in the medical treatment of constipation. Name 5 irritants used

true or false. Most irritants used in the treatment of constipation are SLOW in their onset of action
True False

What agents may produce systemic problems by the resulting effect on electrolyte and water balance because they affect the environment in the GI tract?

Lubricants are also used to medically treat constipation. list 4 lubricants used.

Which agents used to treat constipation may inhibit absorption of fat soluble vitamins and other essential nutrients if used chronically?

What is defined as an associated fecal urgency and incontinence, passage of liquefied stool with increased frequency?

What are the 3 usual causes of acute diarrhea?

Viral or bacterial induced diarrhea is usually __________ and requires only a clear liquid diet and increased fluid intake

List 4 antidiarrheal agents, and the drugs listed under each category.

What is a motility disorder involving the entire GI tract, causing recurrent abdominal pain and bloating, diarrhea, and/or constipation.

What is the cause of IBS?

true or false. In the medical management of IBS, it is important to increase dietary fiber.
True False

What are 2 drugs that are given in the medical management of pts with IBS diarrhea? and when is it given?

What is a drug given for medical management of IBS as a short-term drug for women when the primary symptom of their IBS is constipation?

Where is the vomiting center, which is the origin of the final common pathway along which different impulses induce emesis?

What is the second important medullary site in regards to vomiting center?

__ blocks the chemoreceptor trigger zone, the second important medullary site

What are 8 things that might activate the vomitting center?

What are 4 effects of protracted vomitting?

What agents mechanism of action includes; blocking dopaminergic receptors in the CTZ of medulla; and abolishing emetic responses caused by a variety of stimulants

What are 3 reasons that antiemetic agents are used for?

What are the 2 most common agents to reduce vomiting?

What is the action of Dopamine (D2) antagonists?

___________ and _________ are adverse effects of variety of drugs in cancer chemotherapy and general anesthesia; these effects can be reduced with the use of ____________ drugs

Which type of drugs block dopamine (D2) receptors in the CTZ, and have been shown to effectively abolish the emetic response due to some cancer chemotherapeutic agents, general anesthetics and other agents, and radiotherapy?

What drug is used to control anesthesia-induced emesis (which is dose dependant); but it may induce extrapyramidal effects and can complicate intraoral procedures (especially radiographs)

which type of drug is both D2 and 5-HT3 receptor antagonists; at higher doses reduces cisplatin-induced emesis, but their use is limited by antidopaminergic side effects?

What is the name of a cannabinoid that is effective in pts receiving moderately emetogenic chemotherapy? It is administered before infusion of chemotherapeutic agents and it increases the appetit, produces euphoria, and has analgesic properties, which make it useful in pts with terminal cancer and as appetite stimulant in HIV disease?

What are 3 ADEs with the cannabinoid drug Dronabinol (Marinol)?

What type of drug that is used to reduce nausea and vomiting has a weak antiemetic action; but it is administered in combination with high-dose metoclopramide to reduce extrapyramidal reactions?

What are 5 common examples of antihistamines used in combination with high-dose metoclopramide in the tx of nausea and vomiting?

true or false. Antihistamines have proved useful in the treating emesis associated with motion sickness.
True False

What type of drugs are the drug of choice to reduce nausea and vomiting in the first trimester of pregnancy? can you use them in the 3rd trimester? What are 2 side effects of these?

What are 2 anticholinergic (antagonists to acetylcholine) drugs that have proven useful in treating emesis associate with motion sickness?

What are examples of ADEs that may occur with the short-term use of anticholinergics used for nausea and vomiting? And for long-term therapy?

What type of drugs are prescribed for urinary incontinence, or an overactive bladdar?

What are 3 examples of the main agents used as urinary antispasmotics? (which are anticholinergic drugs?

What are 3 dose-forms that anticholinergic urinary antispasmotics are available in?

What are 4 common ADEs associated with the use of urinary antispasmotics?

What type of drug's mechanism of action has a direct effect on smooth muscle, inhibits muscarinic action of acetylcholine on smooth muscle; and diminishes the frequency of contractions and delays desires to void, urgency, and frequency of incontinent episodes?

Which type of drug inhibits urinary bladdar contractions and salivation by blocking effect on cholinergic muscarinic receptors; and drugs such as erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azol antifungal agents (cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitors) require dose reduction when used in conjugation with this drug?

What are 4 clinical management problems that might be caused by Gastroesophageal disorders?

When narcotic analgesics are prescribed, the pt should be informed of the potential for what?