Microbiology

• 1. Baccillus - rod shaped
• 2. coccus - spherical
• 3. Vibrio - curved or comma shaped
• 4. Spirochete - helical
• 5. Pleomorphic - can be more than one shape

• 1. diplo - linking of cells in twos
• 2. tetra - linking of cells in fours
• 3. staphylo - clusters like grapes
• 4. strepto - chains like a necklace

-defines the inside and outside of cell

-contains protein transporters that pump desirable chemicals into the cell using the cells energy resources

- prevents undesirable chem from entering the organism

-like a fish net because the long polymers of glycan are cross-linked by shorter pieces of peptides

• 1. lysozyme
• 2. penicillin

- outer membrane has lipopoly saccharide attached to it

• Lipid A = endotoxin
• - potent inducer of inflammatory reactions

• Gram (-) has only a few layers of peptidoglycan (red)
• Gram (+) has several layers (violet)

• The cytoplasmic membrane is the same
• The outer membrane is different because only gram (-) bact have one

• 1. Stain w/primary stain, crystal violet
• 2. Fix crystal violet w/Gram's iodine so it aggregates
• 3. Wash the aggregates from porous gram (-) w/ acetone-alcohol
• 4. Counter stain w/safranin so gram (-) cells are visible

this coating make the bacterium slippery so WBC's cannot attach and destroy it

- contains all the degradative and synthetic machinery to allow the cell to grow and make new copies of itself

- it includes DNA, RNA and proteins

- Bact chromosome contains thousands of genes including those required for replication and gene expression

- Some bacteria contain plasmids, small pieces of DNA usually encoding fewer than fifty genes

- Plasmids are often specialized (like those that code for resistance to a specific antibiotic)

-Some bacteria harbor inclusions or granules, which provide an energy source available for when cells have a special energy need

- Granules, or inclusions are composed of polysaccharides or polyphosphates that contain chem energy

- Most stable life form

- Genera producing spores include the gram-positive Clostridium and Bacillus

- A dish containing nutrient agar

- Used to grow individual cells into colonies to obtain pure isolates

- Results when a single cell is streaked onto a plate in a ewll-separated manner so that the progeny can grow into a clump until they are sufficiently numerous to be seen by the naked eye

- Obtain isolated colonies because they yield pure cultures in which every cell in identical, so organisms can be recognized

• 1. Biochemical tests
• 2. Immunological tests
• 3. Genetic tests
• 4. Direct DNA or RNA testing for organism-specific sequences

• 1. flagella - aid in motility
• 2. pili - aid in gene transfer
• 3. fimbriae - attach to a given site (hold fast)

• 1. filament
• 2. hook
• 3. basal body

info

1. allow pathogens to spread

2. allow pathogens to escape capture by cells immune system

allow organisms to swim toward or away from chemicals