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Polar:
positive charge at one end and neg charge at other end
ie, water
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Non Polar
no charge differential
ie, oil
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pH: measurement of acid or alkaline properties
- Basic _> 8
- Nuetral = 7
- Acid _< 6
(urine)
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General function of enzyme:
- A protein that speeds up a chem reaction in a living organism
- Cause the breakdown of nutrients into smaller molecules
- Derive energy from chemicals for use by growing cells
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enzymes:
- workers of a cell
- polymers of amino acids
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An organism that contains 1 million base pairs of DNA is more likely to have:
- 1,000 genes (over 10,000 genes)
- 1,000 genes if average length
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Three bases of RNA are required to code for one amino acid
Info
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Differences between DNA and RNA
- DNA: Double stranded
- Composed of sugar deoxyribose
- and thymidine
- RNA: Single stranded
- Ribose
- Uridine
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If bacterial cells has 35% guanine, how much cytosine/adenine?
- Nucleic Acid - Guanine = cytosine
- Bact Cell - Adenine = thymidine
35%g, 35%c, 15%c, 15%a
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Lipids:
Profide non-polar boundry to keep certain cellular contents in and unwanted materials out.
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Macromolecules:
may be found in numbers of 1-100 thousand copies per cell
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Proteins: Groups of amino acids
- Enzymes-worker of cell
- -a protein that speeds up a chem reaction in a living organism
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Polysaccharides:
Any one of a class of carbohydrates made of long chains of simple carbohydrates (called monosaccharides).
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Nucleic Acids:
Sugar- phosphate repeating structure, usually millions of units long
Any of a group of complex compounds found in all living cells and viruses, composed of purines, pyrimidines, carbohydrates, and phosphoric acid
Nucleic acids in DNA and RNA control cellular function and heredity
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Codon:
Sequence of 3 adjacent nucleotides consistituting the genetic code that determines the insertion of a specific amino acid in a polypeptide chain during protein synthesis or to signal the stop of protein synthesis
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DNA: (deoxyribonucleic acid)
- -double stranded
- -chromosome (thousands of genes make up a single, double stranded DNA)
- -the 2 strands are adenine (A) and thymidine (T)--always apposed
- - the 2 strands are cytosine (C) and guanine (G)--always opposed
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RNA: ribonucleic acid
- -single stranded
- -has sugar ribose (R) and uridine (U)
- -used as actual template for protein synthesis (or translation)
- -no constraint for A's, U's, C's and G's to be equal
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Lipids:
- -span membrane of every cell
- -cell membrane has polar surfaces but non polar internal structure
- -the non-polar barrier keeps molecules that are out, outside and molecules in, inside
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Sterols:
-type of lipid useful as targets for antibiotic therapy of fungi
- -amimal cells contain cholesterols
- -fungi cells contain ergosterols
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