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What is the difference in the way IM injection is aborbed in newborns and infants? (compared to adults)
- newborns- slower absorption
- infants- faster absorpstion
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What leads to high concetrations of free drugs in infants and children?
limited protein binding capacity
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Newborns highly sensitive to meds that affect CNS and are metabolized by liver.
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Newborns have limited renal excretion abilities and must have reduced dosages of meds that are eliminated by the renal system.
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At what age does children's pharmacokinetic response to meds begin to be similar to adults, with the exception of faster metabolism until age 12?
1 year
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Pediactric dosages are based on what criteria?
- body weight
- body surface area (BSA)
- maturation of body organs
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What kind of tablets can you not crush?
- enteric-coated
- time-released
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Step to administering oral medications via a feeding tube or a gastrostomy tube?
- check tube placement before given meds
- use liquid forms of medication
- check compatibility of meds before mixing
- do not mix medications with enteral feedings
- flush tubing with warm water before and after each medication. amount of flush solution depends on the length and gauge of tubing. Amount is usually 1.5 time the tubing volume, before administering meds.
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amount of medication to inject into infant or child's muscle?
- infants-.05 ml
- child- 2.0 ml
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site of subcutaneous administration of medication
- upper arm (lateral aspect, center third)
- abdomen (avoid umbilicus)
- anterior thigh (center third)
- Common uses
- insulin administration
- allergy desensitization
- hormone replacement
- immunizations
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intradermal administration of medication
inside surface of the forearm, not the medial surface
- common uses
- local anesthetic
- tuberculosis skin testing
- allergy testing
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considerations when selecting a site
- medication amount , viscosity, and type
- muscle mass, condition, access to site, and potential contamination
- treatment course frequency and number of injections
- ability to obtain proper positioning of child
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General considerations for IM med administration
- vastus lateralis site is usually recommended site for infants and children less than 2 years old (0.5 ml for infant and 2.0 ml for children)
- after age 2, ventral gluteal can be used
- deltoid site has smaller muscle mass (0.5 ml infants and 1 ml in children)
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vastus lateralis
- 22-25 gauge
- .625 to 1 inch
- 0.5 ml for infants and 2.0 ml for children
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ventrogluteal
- 22-25 gauge
- 0.625 to 1 inch
- 2.0 ml for children
- less painful for than vastus lateralis
- free of any nerves or blood vessels
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Deltoid site
- 22 to 25 gauge
- 0.625 to 1 inch
- 0.5 ml for infants and 1.0 ml for children
- less painful that vastus lateralis
- less local side effect than vastus lateralis
- should not be used in infants or children with underdeveloped muscles
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Peripheral venous access devices
- for continuous and intermittent IV medication administration
- a child can be sent home with one and have maintained by home health care nurse
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