Articulating bone ends are connected by a plate or pad of cartilage.
Synovial Joint
Articulating bone ends are separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid (Synovium)
Define: Synarthroses
Immovable Joints
Define: Amphiarthroses
Slightly Movable Joints
Define: Diarthroses
Freely Movable Joints
Types of Fibrous Joints (3)
Suture
Syndesmoses
Gomphoses
Types of Cartilaginous Joints (2)
Synchondroses
Symphyses
Define: Sutures
Found connecting bones of the Skull (immovable).
Define: Syndesmoses
Longer fibers than sutures, the length determines the amount of movement (slightly movable).
Define: Gomphoses
Short ligaments that connect teeth to their sockets.
Define: Synchondroses
Immovable joints that are a bar or a plate of cartilage that join two bones together
e.g. Epiphyseal plate
Define: Symphyses
Fibrocartilage sandwhiched between articular cartilage and held together by ligament. Slightly movable.
e.g. Found in the vertebrae
Synovial Joint (Know the figure)
Movement: Opposition
Is the action that occurs when the thumb moves to touch the tips of the other digits.
Movement: Gliding
Flat bone surfaces slide across each others surface both back and forth as well as side to side (Carpals of the wrist and Tarsals of the foot).
Movement: Flexion, Extension & Hyperextension
Flexionreduces the angle between bones.
Extension increases the angle between bones.
Hyperextensionoccurs when the extension goes beyond the normal upright.
Movement: Dorsiflexion & Plantar flexion
Flexion of the foot can point up towards the body (Dorsiflexion) or down away from the body (Plantar flexion).
Movement: Abduction, Adduction & Circumduction
Abduction: Movement of the limb away from the midline.
Adduction: Movement of the limbtowards the midline.
Circumduction: Moving the distal portion of a limb in a circular direction (whipping your hair).
Movement: Rotation
The turning of the bone around its long axis.
Movement: Protraction & Retraction
Non-angular movements of the anteriorly and posteriorly (Jaw).
Movement: Elevation & Depression
Elevation (Up) & Depression (Down)
Movement of the body part superiorly and inferiorly
(Srugging of shoulders & Chewing w/ Jaw)
Movement: Inversion & Eversion
Inversion- the sole of the foot faces medially (inward)
Eversion- the sole of the foot faces laterally (outward)
Movement: Supination & Pronation
Refer to the movement of the Radius around the Ulna (wrist)
Supination- turning backward
Pronation- turning forward
Joint Type: Gliding/ Planar Joint
Found in the Carpal bones of the wrist and the Tarsal bones of the ankle.
Joint Type: Hinge Joint
Found in the Knee and Elbow
Joint Type: Condyloid Joint
Found in the Metacarpals/ Metatarsals and the phalanges
Joint Type: Saddle Joint
Found in the Thumb (Metacarpal and Trapezium)
Joint Type: Pivot Joint
Found in the Atlas and Axis or the Radius and Ulna
Joint Type: Ball and Socket Joints
Found in the Shoulder and Hip
Define: Sprain
The liagments of a joint are streched or torn
Define: Strain
The tendons or muscles of a joint are stretched or torn
Define: Dislocations
When bones are forced out of alignment
Define: Subluxation
A partial dislocation of a joint
Define: Bursitis and Tendonitis
Inflammation of a bursa or the tendon sheath respectively
Define: Arthritis
Inflammatory or degenerative disease which damages the joints
Define: Osteoarthritis
Most commonly and often seen in the elderly is caused from a wear and tear of the articular cartilage in the joints which lack their ability to be replaced
Define: Rheumatoid Arthritis
Usually arises between the ages of 40-50 it is caused by an autoimmune disease which attacks the body's tissue
Define: Gouty Arthritis
Is when excessive Uric Acid is deposited in the joints forming crystals and an inflammatory response initially starts in the big toe