-
Naturally occuring chemicals
Minerals
-
are minerals organic or inorganic
inorganic
-
what percent of total body weight do minerals account for
4%
-
essential nutrients that comprize more than 5g (1tsp)
major minerals
-
essential nutrients that are less than 5g in the body
trace minerals
-
-
Minor/trace/micronutrients (15)
- Iron
- zinc
- copper
- iodine
- manganese
- molybdemun
- fluorine
- selenium
- chromium
- cobalt
- silicon
- tin
- nickel
- vanadium
- arsenic
-
Water content of cells is regulated by
major minerals that form salts
-
most abundant mineral in the body
calcium
-
Which two major minerals are essential for bone formation
calcium and phosphorus
-
Role of calcium in tooth formation
- 99% stored in teeth and bones
- combines with phoshpate salts to form hydroxyapatite to make teeth strong
-
what is fomed on collagen matrix to create the dentin that gives teeth strength
hydroxyapatite
-
What cancer is caused by low intakes of calcium
colon and rectal cancer
-
what serves as a calcium reservoir
bones
-
blood calcium is regulated by
hormones: parathyroid, vitamin D, calcitonin
-
Insufficient bone calcium increases the risk of
osteoporosis
-
3 causes of osteoporosis
- insuficient physical activity
- insuffcient intake of calcium
- genetics
-
dowager's hump is characteristic of
osteoporosis
-
how are bones of smokers
less dense
-
can quitting smoking reverse the damaging effects on the bones
yes
-
target tissues for regulating the blood calcium
- small intestines
- kindenys
- bone
-
Adequate Intake of Calcium
- adults 19-50 years: 1000 mg/day
- adults 51 and older: 1200 mg/day
- upper level for adults: 2500 mg/day
- intakes for children and adolescents are higher
-
sources of calcium
- milk, cheese, milk products
- green vegetables (brocoli, chard, kale, collards)
- legumes
- bread
- fish with bones
-
4 major functions of calcium
- bone and tooth formation
- blood clotting
- nerve transmission
- muscle contraction
-
hypocalcemia (8
- incomplete calcification of teeth
- increased suseptibility to caries and periodontal disease
- risk of hemorrhage
- tetany (crams and remors of face, hands, feet, heart)
- hypoparathyroidism
- rickets
- osteoporosis
- tooth mobility/loss
-
hypercalciemia
- excess not observed in healty people
- cause related to excess vit D or disease state such as parathyroid or kidney disease
-
second most abundant mineral in the body
phosphorus
-
what % of phosphorus are teeth and bones
85%
-
Phosphorus combines with what to form crystals of bone and teeth
calcium
-
Phosphorus forms part of
- ATP
- ADP
- DNA
- RNA
- phosphoproteins
- phospholipids
-
Major fxns of phosphorus (6)
- bone and tooth formation
- acid-base balance (buffering)
- release of energy (ATP/ADP)
- component in ezymes and colas
- necessary for muscle contraction
- necessary for nerve activity
-
Deficiency of phosphorus
Hypophosphatemia
-
hypophosphatemia results from (5)
- prolonged intake of:
- aluminum hydroxide antacids,
- diuretics,
- alcohol
- prolonged:
- diarrhea
- digestive problems
-
Problems with phosphorous deficiencies (4)
- hypocalcification
- decreased dentin formation
- suseptibility of teeth to caries from phosphorous deficiency during tooth development
- increased suseptibility to periodontal disease
-
replacing milk with what leads to poor calcium-phosphorous ratio
soda
-
third most prevalent mineral in teeth, especially in dentin
magnesium
-
Sources of phosphorous
- milk, cheese
- meat, poultry (animal protein is the best source)
- grains, cereal
- beans, peas
- eggs
- soda
-
how much magnesium is in the body of a 135 pound person
1 ounce
-
Where is most magnesium found
- bones
- the rest is in the muscles, heart, liver, and other soft tissues
-
Role of Magnesium (8)
- critical to functioning of over 300 enzymes
- helps release and use of energy from energy-yeilding nutrients
- directly affects the metabolism of potassium, calcium, vitamin D
- maintains calcium homeostasis
- prevents skeletal abnormalities
- part of protein-making
- works with calcium for the proper functioning of muscles (relaxes muscles after contraction)
- Promotes resistance to tooth decay by holding calcium in tooth enamel
-
magnesium directly affects the metabolism of (3)
- potassium
- calcium
- magnesium
-
Difficiency of magnesium results from
- inadequate intake
- diahrrea
- vomiting
- diuretics
- alcoholism/cirrhosis
- protein malnutrition
-
is deficiency of magnesium common?
yes
-
symptomes of too little magnesium
- neuromuscular hyperexcitability
- latent tetany
- spontaneous hand or foot spasms
- generalized seizures
- cardiac arrhythmias
-
symptoms of magnesium toxicity (too much)
- devere diarrhea
- acid-base imbalance
- dehydration
-
dental implications of magnesium deficiency
- changes in ameloblasts and odontoblasts
- hypoplasia of enamel and dentin
- reduced formation of alveolar bone
- widening of periodontal ligament space
- gingival hyperplasia
-
Food sources of magnesium
- whole grains
- green leafy vegetables
- cocoa
- nuts
- soybeans
-
What is the most common human medical problem besides the human cold
caries
-
what kind of deposites are placed on the teeth due to fluoride
crystalline deposites
-
fluoride replaces what portion of hydroxyapatite
hydroxy
-
fluoride's role in preventing caries in developing teeth
forms decay-resistant crystals (fluorapatite)
-
fluoride's role in preventing caries in erupted teeth (4)
- promotes remineralization of early lesions in enamel
- suppresses bacterial metabolism and reduces the amount of acid they produce
- changes in tooth morphology increases resistance of tooth to adherence of dental plaque
- effects are cumulative
-
Where is fluoride deposited
- inner part of enamel
- dentin
-
When is fluoride deposited
during amelogenesis/dentogenesis stage
-
When are the greatest protective benefits of fluoride?
6-8years old
-
when is fluoride used for adults (5)
- hypersensitivity
- exposed root surfaces
- xerostomia
- use of smokeless tobacco
- radiation therapy
-
Sources of fluoride
- water, tea
- seafood
- toothpaste
- food made with water
- mouthwash
- supplements
-
optimal concentration of fluoride in water
.7-1.2 ppm
-
Toxicity of fluoride causes
white spots to form on tooth enamel
-
Ul for people over 8 years old
10 mg/day
-
fluoride is no longer involved systemically in tooth formation when?
after tooth eruption
-
fluoride in breast milk
very low
-
too little fluoride
increased risk of caries
-
too much fluoride
- fluorosis (enamel hypoplasia)
- tooth mottling
-
recommended fluoride for men and women
-
how many minerals does the body contain
more than 40
-
how many minerals are essential out of the ones found in the body
15
-
gatekeepers for fluid, electrolyte and acidbase balance
kidneys
-
Aldosterone from adrenal glands promotes loss of what?
reduces loss of what
- promotes loss of K
- reduces loss of Na
-
how many grams of Na can maintain Na balance?
.5grams
-
sodium free
less than 5mg
-
low sodium
less than 140 mg
-
reduced sodium
25% less than origional
-
leading source of salt
processed foods
-
what is msg
monosodium glutamate
-
sources of sodium
- Table salt
- –Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
- –Baking powder, baking soda
- –Preservatives usually contain some
- sodium
- –salad dressings, pickles, canned
- soups, corned beef, luncheon meats,
- snack foods, chips
-
too little sodium
hyponatrimia
-
effects of too much sodium (hypernatrimia)
- high blood pressure
- sticky tongue/xerostomia
- loss of calcium excreted in urine
- edema or ascites
- CHF
- renal failure
- adrenal tumors
- liver disease
-
Na is absorbed through...
excreted through...
-
Adequate Intake of Na
1,5000 mg
-
-
Role of Na
- –Fluid balance
- –Electrolyte balance
- –Maintenance of ICF and ECF balance
- –Acid-base balance
- –Muscle contraction
- –Nerve transmission
- –Cell permeability
-
What happens to excess sodium
cant be excreted in urine..causes problems in the body
-
which electrolyte is inside cells
k
-
which electrolyte is outside cells
Na
-
Role of K
- –Maintenance of fluid balance and pH
- Energy metabolism
- –Maintenance of electrolyte balance
- –Maintenance of cell integrity
- –Muscle contractions and heartbeat
- –Nerve impulses
-
Hypokalemia
- (potassium deficiency)
- –sudden death due to heart failure
- –can occur during fasting or severe diarrhea
- –in children with kwashiorkor
- –people with eating disorders, alcoholism, excessive vomiting, ketoacidosis
-
Dehydration leads to a loss of
potassium from where?
inside cells
-
Loss of potassium inside the cells causes the brain for forget in needs what?
water
-
Hyperkalemia
- – Sudden increase in dietary intake in those unable to excrete excesses
- – Improper use of salt substitutes or potassium tablets
- – Renal failure
- – Dehydration,
- adrenal insufficiency
- –Major infection
- – Increased protein catabolism
-
Symptoms of hyperkalemia include
- – Numbness of the face, tongue, and extremities
- – Muscle weakness
- – Cardiac arrhythmia
- – Cardiac failure
-
what % of K does the US diet usually provide
50%
-
Sources of potassium
- fresh, whole foods,
- fruits and veggies
- meat, poultry, fish,
- milk
-
major negative ion in the body
Chloride
-
role of Cl
- –Accompanies Na in fluids outside cells
- –Acid-base balance
- –Electrolyte balance
- –Component of hydrochloric acid (gastric juice)
- –Lung function in O2 and CO2 exchange
-
Food sources of Cl
- • Table salt (sodium chloride)
- • Salt substitute (potassium chloride)
- • Eggs
- • Fish
- • Meat
-
Found in every cell of the body
-
-
oxygen-carrying protein of RBCs
hemoglobin
-
oxygen-holding protein of muscles
myoglobin
-
Iron is needed to make
- • New cells
- • Amino acids
- • Hormones
- • Neurotransmitters
-
Iron helps many enzymes use
oxygen
-
Function of Iron as a component of hemoglobin
- – Carries oxygen from the lungs to all cells
- – Returns carbon dioxide to the lungs
-
Funtion of Iron as a cofactor for enzymes
- Release of energy from macronutrients
- Conversion of beta-carotene to preformed
- vitamin A
- Formation of collagen
-
Oral signs of iron deficiency (7)
- Pallor of lips and oral mucosa
- Angular cheilitis
- Atrophy of filiform papillae
- Glossitis; sore burning tongue
- Oral candidiasis
- Reduced resistance to infection
- Extrinsic tooth staining from supplements
-
Loss of iron from bleeding
- •Menstrual bleeding
- • Injury
- • Surgery
-
Most common nutrient deficiency worldwide
iron- 1.2 billion people
-
are iron supplements necessary during pregnancy?
yes
-
free ion is a powerful
oxidant (bad for cells)
-
severe iron deficiency leads to
Iron deficiency Anemia
-
How iron deficiency anemia works
- cells contain too little hemoglobin
- not enough oxygen delivered
- the energy metabolism of cells is limited
- leads to feeling tired, cold, apathetic, pallor, headache, dizziness, SOB, increased heart rate
-
Hemosiderosis
excessive iron stores
-
hemochromatosis
- iron overload
- genetic overabsorption of iron
- may cause skin pigmentation, organ damage, cirrhosis of the liver
-
Iron overload is most severe with who?
Alcohol abusers
-
Iron occurs in two forms
- heme: meat, fish, poultry
- nonheme: plants, eggs, milk, nuts, legumes, and some meats
-
Which minerals and other substances interfere with iron absorption
- calcium
- manganese
- phosphorous
- tannius (found in tea and coffee)
- milk
-
what conditions enhance iron absorption
acidic
-
What can triple absorption of
nonheme iron from foods eaten in the
same meal
Vitamin C
-
are iron requirements higher for men or women
women due to monthly blood loss
-
Role of zinc
- Works with proteins in every body organ Helps nearly 200 enzymes to make parts of the cell’s genetic material
- Makes heme in hemoglobin
- Assists the pancreas with its digestive
- functions and insulin activity
- Helps metabolize CHO, protein and fat
- Liberated vitamin A from storage in the liver
- Fetal development
- Growth and development in children
- Protective role in oxidative damage?
- Regulation of gene expression in protein synthesis
- Affects behavior and learning
- Assists in immune function
- Wound healing
- Night vision
- Sexual maturation
- Taste, smell, appetite
-
mild deficiency of zinc can lead to
- –Impaired immunity
- –Abnormal taste
- –Abnormal vision in the dark
-
zinc deficiency
- Adverse affects on growth
- Profoundly alters digestive function
- diarrhea which worsens malnutrition
- impairs the immune response
- disturbs thyroid function
- slows body’s energy metabolism
- reduced appetite
- slows wound healing
-
oral complications of a Zinc deficiency
- Impaired keratinization of epithelial cells Increased susceptibility to perio disease
- Cleft lip and palate
- Parotid gland growth impaired
- Abnormal mineral metabolism
- Impaired wound healing
- Tongue:
- Thickening of epithelium of tongue
- Flattened filiform papillae
- Taste changes:
- Hypogeusia (diminished taste sensitivity)
- Hyposmia (diminished odor sensitivity)
- Altered tastes of saltiness, sweetness, or bitterness
- Lessened appetite
- Atrophic oral mucosa
- Xerostomia
-
Major food sources of zinc
- •Meats
- • Shellfish
- • Dark meat poultry
- • eggs
-
how well are plant sources of zinc absorbed? and what are they?
- not well
- Some legumes
- Whole grains
- Dark green and deep yellow veggies
-
Role of Iodine
- Component of thyroxine
- • Regulates basal metabolic rate and processing of macronutrients
- • Necessary for normal physical and mental development
-
Iron deficiency causes
- –Enlarged thyroid (goiter)
- –Sluggishness
- –Weight gain
-
Severe Iron deficiency during pregnacy causes
- Cretinism
- • Extreme irreversible mental and physical retardation
- • Can be averted if deficiency is detected and treated within the first six
- months of pregnancy
- – Dental implications
- • Delayed eruption of teeth
- • Enlarged tongue
- • Altered craniofacial growth/development
- •Malocclusion
-
One of the most treatable causes of mental retardation
iron deficiency
-
Sources of iodine
- Seafood
- Iodized salt (half tsp provides totally need for a day)
- milk
- molassas
- yogurt
-
Role of Selenium
- Antioxidant
- • Prevent formation of free radicals and prevent oxidative harm to cells / tissues
- Important for proper functioning of the pancreas and the immune system
-
sources of selenium
- •Meats
- •Shellfish
- •Liver
- •Vegetables and grains grown in selenium-rich soils
-
Too little selenium
- Muscle weakness,
- joint discomfort,
- disorders of the heart muscle or pancreas
-
people at risk for selenium deficiency
- – Vegans
- – People with malabsorption
- – areas of selenium-deficient soil
-
Too much selenium
- • Hair loss
- • Fingernail discoloration, tenderness and loss
- • Breath odor
- • Vomiting
- • Increased fatigue
-
oral implications of too much selenium
- incidence of decayed, missing, and
- filled teeth is higher in children living in
- areas where soil is high in selenium
-
Role of Chromium
- Works closely with insulin to regulate and release energy from glucose
- Essential for enzymes that metabolize fat
-
food sources for chromium
- –Meats
- –Whole grain cereals
- –Mushrooms
- –Nuts
- –Beer/wine
-
Deficiency of Chromium
- –Impaired insulin action
- •Resulting in a diabetes-like
- condition
- •Seen with heavy refined foods
- consumption
-
Role of Copper
- Formation of hemoglobin and collagen
- Many enzymes depend on copper for its oxygen-handling ability
- Plays a role in the body’s handling of iron
- Assists in reactions leading to the release of energy
- Protects health of nerve tissue
- Prevents hair from turning gray prematurely
-
Effects of too little copper
- • Tissue fragility
- • Bone demineralization
- • Central nervous system disorders
- • Diminished skin pigmentation
-
sources of copper
- –Organ meats
- –Seafood
- –Nuts
- –Seeds
- –Mushrooms
- –Chocolate
- –Water may supply copper
-
Role of molybdenum
- Coenzyme
- Part of enzymes that metabolize proteins
- May inhibit caries formation
- Necessary for iron metabolism
-
Sources of Molybdenum
- Beans,
- meats, fish, poultry
- Grains, legumes, nuts
- Milk, cheese, yogurt
-
Role of Manganese
- Works with dozens of different enzymes
- that facilitate body processes
- Optimal bone matrix development
- Prevention of osteoporosis
- CHO/energy metabolism
- Insulin production
- Antioxidant protection
- Protein synthesis
- Fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis
-
Food sources of manganese
- Soil concentration influences amount in plant foods
- Whole grains
- Legumes
- Vegetables
- Fruits
-
Ultratrace Minerals
- Boron
- Aluminum
- Nickel
- silicon
-
Boron
- Influences the activity of many enzymes
- Necessary for formation of healthy bones
-
Boron food sources
- Plant foods
- Fruits, nuts, veggies, legumes, wine
-
Role of Nickel
Important for the health of many body tissues
-
deficiency of nickel
harm to liver and other body organs
-
Role of silicon
- Contributes to structure and resilience of
- collagen, elastin, polysaccharides
- Present in tooth enamel
-
-
role of Aluminum
cariostatic agent with fluoride
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