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High Fo in infants
increases with age
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Male Fo drop at puberty, female
unchanged or decreases slightly
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Average amp refers to overall level of
amp during a speech task-loudness.
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Amp. depends on a context of the
situation
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look for physical reasons
for reduced amp.
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Max. Phonational Freq. Range
the complete range of freq. that an individual can produce, not hibtual Fo
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3 octabes is normal for young adults
slightly decreased with age
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Voice range profile
plots a person's phonational range against his dynamic range
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-
-
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Frequency measures typically used in clinical settings include average
Fo, speaking Fo, Fo range, and maximum phonational frequency range.
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Typically used amplitude measures include
average amp, amp variability, and dynamic range.
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the voice range profile plots a person's maximum phonational freq range
against his or her dynamic range at different freq and acts as a snapshot of phonatory behavior
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Freq and amp variables related to voice use are used in clinical situations
to make diagnostic decisions, supplement perceptual judgments of voice, and asess outcomes of treatment.
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Neurologic diseases are often characterized by
problems int he control of vocal freq and amp
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articulators
movable and immovable
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pulmonary system
lungs, airways
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chest wall system
rib cage, abdomen, diaphragm
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upper res. system
oral cavity, nasal cavity, pharynx
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lower res system
larynx, bronchial system, lungs
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diaphragm
- streches from one side to the rib cage to the others
- makes up the floor of the thoraic cavity and roof of addominal cavity
- shaped like a dome at rest and flattens when it contracts, thus increasing the volume of the throaic cavity
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intercostals
muscles between the ribs - 11 pair
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fibers run in ___________ directions
opposite
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external intercostals pull the rib cage
upward and outward during inspiration thus increasing thoraic cavity volume
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internal intercostals
pull rib cage downward and inward during inspiration thus decreasing thoraic cavity volume
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diaphragm ______when you inhale
contracts
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accessory muscles are _________ for deeper inspirations
recruited
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abdominal muscles are ______ for exhalation
important
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pleural linkage
negative pressure within the pleural space. Pleural space is between the viseural (covers outside of each lung) and parietal pleura (covers inside)
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bring air into lungs
- increase the volume of thorax and lings causing P alv to be negative
- rib cage upward and outward
-
decreasing P alv draws air
in through mouth or nose
-
P alv falls below P atoms at the peak of
inspiration
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The air travlels thru the bronchial tree
reaching the alveoli. Gas exchange occurs. Fresh oxygen is delvered into the bloodstream and waste (carbon dioxide) is removed/exhaled.
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Rib cage muscle bulk
increases
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Tidal volume inhaled and exhaled during a cycle of
respiration
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inspiratory reserve volume
volume that can be inhaled above tidal volume
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expiratory reserve volume
volume that can be exhaled below tidal volume
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residual volume
volume remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration that cannot be voluntarily expelled
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resting expiratory level
the state of equilibrium in the respiratory system
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4 major changes in the respiration switch from
- vegetative to speech breathing
- location of air intake
- ration of time
-
breathing for life
- unconscious, automatic
- rate/volume-need at that time
- occurs through the nose
- exhalation/inhalation (2 sec apart)
- exhalation is passive
-
breathing for speech
- need for gas exchange
- respiration involved with prosody
- occurs through the mouth
- exhalation is active
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gravity
pulls downward on rib cage forcing throax and lungs to decrease in volume.
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Hixon's 4 Respiratory features
- pressure
- volume
- airflow
- chest wall shape
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pressure
the forces generated by the respiratory process, power supply for speech
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strongest oral pressures generated during
the close portion of a voiceless stop /p/
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too much or too little air permitted through any given "value" in the system results in a
disorder voice
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volume
the amount of air in the lungs and airways
-
chest wall shape
kinesthetically measured
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speech breathing does not
require much more air
-
the respiratory consists of the pulmonary system (lungs and airways) and the chest-wall system
(rib cage, abdomen, and diaphragm)
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Inhalation and exhalation occur when P alv decreases and increases, forcing air
into and out of the system.
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Lung volumes and capacities refer to different amounts of air in the lungs at a given time; these amount
change over the lifespan.
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Change occur when breathing for speech:
location of air intake, ratio of inhalatory to exhalatory time, volume of air per cycle, and muscle activity for exhalation
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Breathing patterns for speech are influenced by lingusitic considerations
including speaking task complexity, clause boundaries, and loudness of the intended utterance.
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Speech breathing changes over the lifespan
due to changes in the structure and function of the respiratory system.
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Two general principles apply to the clinical managemnet of respiratory function:
paitent's static and dynamic respiratory ability must be measured, treatment must be tailored to the patient's specific breathing difficulty.
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Patients with Parkinson's disease may have a different chest wall shape than normal because of
rigidity of the chest wall muscles.
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Patients with cervical spinal cord injury may not be able to breathe on their own
and may need mechanical ventilation; if he or she can breathe they may have difficulty generating adequate pressures and flows for speech.
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Many children and adults with cerebral palsy face problems with respiratory function affecting
pressure, flow, volume, and shape.
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Several problems exist in speaking on a mechanical ventilator,
high tracheal pressures generated and rapidly changing pressures.
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Subtle problems in respiratory function may occur
in some voice disorders and in hearing problms.
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