-
Bugs provide what percent of protein worldwide
10%
-
what bug has the most protein
spider
-
protein contains what elements
hydrogen, oxogen, nitrogen
-
proteins are made from how many different amino acids
20
-
how many amino acids are indespesible (essential)
9
-
each amino acid contains a
?
?
?
?
- amino group
- acid group
- hydrogen atom
- side group
-
Side groups job?
makes each amino acid unique
-
Sequence of amino acids in each protein determines
unique shape and function
-
Unique side groups result
in differences in ?
size, shape and electrical charge
-
11 nonessential
(dispensable) amino acids
body can create
-
9 essential (indispensable) amino acids
must be supplied by foods people eat:
-
Amino acid chains linked
by ?
- peptide bonds in
- condensation (building) reactions
-
Polypeptides?
- more than 10 amino acids
- bonded together
-
Amino acid sequences are
all different - allows for ?
- wide variety of
- possibilities
-
Hydrophilic side groups ?
attracted to water
-
Hydrophobic side groups ?
repel water
-
Coiled and twisted chains
help provide
stability
-
Protein denaturation?
- uncoiling of
- protein that changes ability to function
-
Destabilizers?
- acidity, alkalinity, heat,
- alcohol, oxidation and agitation
-
Cooking breaks ?
protein bonds
-
After certain point, denaturation
cannot be reversed
-
Protein Digestion ?
- •Stomach acid & enzymes
- •Denatured
- - then broken down to polypeptides
- •Small
- intestine - breakdown continues into smaller peptides & amino acids for
- absorption
-
Protein denatured by ?
hydrochloric acid
-
Pepsinogen (a proenzyme) converted into active form
pepsin in presence of hydrochloric acid
-
Pepsin
cleaves (breaks) proteins into ?
smaller polypeptides
-
Small
Intestine?
Proteases
-
-
Peptidases split proteins into ?
amino acids
-
Intestinal cells use?
- protein for energy or
- synthesis of necessary compounds
-
Protein Synthesis?
- determined by amino acid
- sequence
-
Delivery instructions
through?
messenger RNA
-
Transfer RNA?
- lines up amino acids and
- brings them to messenger
-
Sequencing errors
cause
altered protein production
-
Epigenetics
- nutrient’s ability to
- activate or silence genes without interfering with genetic sequence
-
Enzymes
- speed up chemical
- reactions
-
Hormones
chemical messengers
-
Antibodies?
- foreign ‘invader’
- protection
-
matrix of collagen filled with minerals
provides ?
- strength to bones and
- teeth
-
replaces tissues?
- skin, hair, nails and GI
- tract lining (keratin)
-
Enzymes?
- proteins that speed up anabolic (building up) and catabolic (breaking down) chemical
- reactions
-
Hormones
- chemical messengers; some
- hormones are proteins (example insulin
-
Plasma proteins?
attract water
-
Maintain volume of body
fluids to prevent
edema- excess fluid buildup
-
proteins Maintain
composition of body fluids
-
Buffers
- keeping solutions acidic
- or alkaline
-
Acids
compounds that release hydrogen ions in a solution
-
Bases
compounds that accept hydrogen ions in a solution
-
Acidosis
- high levels of acid in
- blood and body fluids
-
Alkalosis
- high levels of alkalinity
- in blood and body fluids
-
Transporters?
- •Carry lipids, vitamins, minerals
- and oxygen in body
-
transporters act as
- •pumps &
- channels in cell membranes, transferring compounds from one side of
- cell membrane to other
-
Antibodies fight ?
- antigens (like bacteria
- and viruses) that invade body
-
antibodies provide?
immunity to fight antigen more quickly second time exposure occurs
-
protein if needed can be a
energy and glucose source
-
Blood clotting?
- producing fibrin which
- forms a solid clot
-
Vision?
- creating light-sensitive
- pigments in retina
-
Protein turnover?
- continual making and
- breaking down of protein
-
Amino acid pool?
- supply of available amino
- acids
-
Exogenous
amino acids from food
-
Endogenous
- amino acids from within
- the body
-
Zero nitrogen balance
- nitrogen equilibrium-when
- input equals output
-
Positive nitrogen balance
- nitrogen consumed is
- greater than nitrogen excreted
-
Negative nitrogen balance
- nitrogen excreted is
- greater than nitrogen consumed
-
Make indispensable amino acids
- cells assemble amino acids
- into needed protein
-
Neurotransmitters
- made from amino acid
- tyrosine
-
Tyrosine
- made into melanin pigment
- or thyroxine
-
Tryptophan makes
niacin and serotonin
-
No readily available storage form of
protein
-
Excess protein eaten
stored
as body fat
-
-
Animal proteins
90-99% absorbed
-
Plant proteins
70-90% absorbed
-
Soy and legumes
90% absorbed
-
Other foods consumed at
same time can
change digestibility
-
Animal foods contain all
essential amino acids
-
High-Quality Proteins Contains all
indispensable amino acids
-
Plant foods diverse in content
- tend to be missing one or
- more essential amino acids
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