-
the peripheral nervous system is composed of
sensory receptors and nerves
-
the brain and spinal cord are components of the
CNS
-
Schwann cells are located on the neurons forming
myelin sheaths
-
within the nervous system there are more _______ than _____
-
bipolar neurons have
one axon and one dendrite
-
the fx of dendrites is to
conduct nerve impulses to the cell body
-
bundles of axons generally travel together as
nerve fibers
-
the axon is not insulate with myelin at the
nodes of Ranvier
-
multiple sclerosis is caused by deterioration of the patches of
myelin
-
a restin neuron is
polarized
-
a nerve impulse is the same thing as the
action potential
-
the ions that maintain the ionic imbalance in a resting neuron are
potassium & sodium
-
the neuron repolarizes after a nerve impulse passes by the influx of
potassium ions
-
when stimulated, the membrane of the neuron
undergoes depolarization
-
a synapse occurring between a neuron and a muscle cell is called a
neuromuscular juntion
-
once acetylcholine has been utilized in a synapse, it is
broken down
-
the two main divisions of the nervous system are the
-
afferent nerves are also called
sensory nerves
-
the two main types of cells in the nervous system are
-
glial cells with long processes to help form the blood-brain barrier are
astrocytes
-
Provides support to the nerve cells
neuroglia
-
neurons with a single extension functioning as both an axon and dendrite are called
unipolar neurons
-
the nucleus of a neuron is found in the
cell body
-
nerve cell extensions specialized to receive nerve impulses are the
dendrites
-
chemicals released by neurons at hte synaptic knobs are called
neurotransmitters
-
the neurofibril nodes are places on the dendrite where there is
no myelin
-
a mass of cell bodies of several neurons
ganglion
-
the place where an axon comes close to, but does not join a dendrite, is called a
synapse
-
to stimulate a nerve impulse, a stimulus alters the resting potential by increasing the permeability of the
plasma membrane
-
an action potential, a wave of depolarization in a nerve cell, is the same as a
nerve impulse
-
The release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft is allowed through what process
exocytosis
-
the three neurotransmitters of the catecholamine group are
- dopamine
- epinephrine
- norepinerphrine
-
interneurons make up most of the
CNS
-
most cell bodies of neurons of the PNS are located
within or near the CNS
-
most nerves contain
motor axons and sensory dendrites
-
white matter of the nervous system is white because
myelin in myelin sheaths is white
-
the cerebrospinal fluid may be found
in the central canal of the spinal cord
-
the dorsal nerve roots are the sites of
cell bodies and axons of sensory nerves
-
destruction of the ventral nerve roots will result in
the inability to move
-
the descending tracts in the spinal cord
carry impulses for transmission to muscles and glands
-
the outer protion of the cerebrum is composed of
gray matter
-
area's for hearing are located in the cerebrum's
temporal lobe
-
the ventricles of the cerebrum carry the
cerebrospinal fluid
-
the thalamus and hypothalamus are both located in the
diencephalon
-
nerve cells located in the midbrain fx as
reflex centers
-
the glossopharyngeal nerve has sensory and motor functions relating to the
tongue and pharynx
-
axons normally carry information __________ the nerve cell body
away from
-
dendrites carry information ___________ the nerve cell body
toward
-
which cranial nerves extend beyond the head and neck
- accessory nerve (XI)
- Vagus nerve (X)
-
sensory, or afferent, nerve fibers carry information
toward the CNS
-
the three connective tissue membranes covering and protecting CNS structures are collectively known as the
meninges
-
The outermost layer of the meninges is the
dura mater
-
the part of the CNS contains the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata is
brain stem
-
between successive Schwann cells, there are gaps in the myelin sheath called
nodes of Ranvier
-
the ________ produces cerebrospinal fluid
Choroid plexus
-
the part of the brain concerned with water balance, appetite, and regulating body temperature is the
hypothalamus
-
the corpus callosum connects the
right and left cerebral hemispheres
-
dendrites
receive stimuli
-
-
CNS neuroglial cells
- astrocytes
- microglial
- ependymal cell
- oligodendrocytes
-
astrocytes
nourish and protect
-
microglial cells
immune protection
-
ependymal cells
circulate cerebrospinal fluid
-
oligodendrocytes
- form myelin sheath
- fatty insulator
- speedy conduction time
- soltatory conduction
-
PNS neuroglial cells
- neurolemmocytes
- satellite cells
-
neurolemmocytes
- myelin sheaths
- speedy conduction time
- soltatory conduction
-
satellite cells
protection & cushioning
-
White matter does what
communication with in the brain between different areas
-
the cerebral hemisphere is
divided into R/L hemispheres, gray & white matter found here.
-
The thalamus does what
relay station for sensory impulses
-
the cerebellum is for
coordination
-
The blood brain barrier does not protect against
fats & gases
-
The spinal cord extends from________ to the region of ________
-
afferent nerves carry impulses
to CNS
-
efferent nerves carry impulses
away from CNS
-
What are the three sensory cranial nerves
- I-olfactory
- II-optic
- VIII-vestibulocochlear
-
I-Olfactory Nerve
sensory for smell
-
II-Optic nerve
sensory for vision
-
III-Oculomotor nerve
motor to eye muscles
-
IV-trochlear nerve
motor to eye muscles
-
V-trigeminal nerve
- sensory for face
- motor fibers to chewing muscles
-
VI-Abducens nerve
motor to eye muscles
-
VII-Facial
- sensory for taste
- motor fibers to face
-
VIII-vestibulocochlear
sensory for balance and hearing
-
IX-glossopharyngeal
- sensory for taste
- motor fibers to pharynx
-
bitter taste buds are located at the
back of tongue
-
X-vagus nerve
sensory/motor fibers to neck/upper back
-
XI-Accesory
motor fibers to neck/upper back
-
XII-hypoglossal
motor fibers to tongue
-
What are the four types of taste
-
the exchange of ions in neurons initiates an
action potential in neurons
-
The sclera is
the white portion of the eye
-
the iris is the
colored portion of the eye
-
The external ear consist of
- auricle (pinna)
- external auditory canal
-
The middle ear starts at the
tympanum, tympanic membrane, myrinx(eardrum)
-
The inner ear consists of
- cochlea
- vestibule
- semicircular canals
-
the cochlea contains the
spiral organ of corti
-
the fx of the vestibule is
static equilibrium
-
the area where the optic nerve enters is
optic disk
-
the area of best visual acuity
fovea centralis
-
somatic impulses of the CNS control
- skin
- skeletal muscles
- joints
-
visceral impulses of the CNS control
internal organs
-
the dura mater
anchors the brain in place
-
enlargement of the spinal cord occurs in the
cervical and lumbar regions
-
The cuada equina is
a collection of spinal nerves branching from cord end
-
Cranial nerve III-Oculomotor
motor to eye musles
-
Cranial nerve VI-Abducens nerve
- motor to eye muscles
- lateral-abducts eye
-
Cranial nerve IX-Glossopharyngeal
- sensory for taste
- motor fibers to the pharynx
- bitter taste
-
Cranial nerve XII-Hypoglossal
motor fibers to tongue
-
What gives shape to the eye, protects, an attachment site for extrinsic eye muscles, and is made of white fibrous connective tissue
sclera
-
The cornea is
transparent, avascular
-
The blind spot of the eye is in the
optic disk
-
The cranial nerves for the eye are
- LR6(SO4)3Lateral rectus is cranial nerve VI
- Superior Oblique is cranial nerve IV
- All the others are cranial nerve III
-
shell shaped structure made of elastic cartilage in the ear
auricle(pinna)
-
Three parts to the Inner Ear (Labyrinth)
- cochlea
- vestibue
- semicircular canals
-
a delicate membrane that lines the eyelids and covers parts of the outer surface of the eyeball is called the
conjunctiva
-
the area of the retina containing only cone cells is the
fovea centralis
-
the auditory tube is located between the
throat and middle ear
-
the portion of the fibrous tunic that is white in color is the
sclera
-
the transparent anterior portion of the fibrous tunic is the
cornea
-
the maculae of the vestibule record__________, while the crista of the semicircular canals record__________
- static equilibrium
- dynamic equilibrium
-
the receptors for _________and _________ are classified as chemoreceptors
-
Olfactory cells are located in the
superior nasal cavity
-
The malleus is connected to the
tympanic membrane
-
the outer layer fo the wall of the eye is composed of the
cornea and sclera
-
the vitreous humor of the eye may be found between the
lens and retina
-
the iris is composed of
two layers of smooth muscle
-
the color of a person's eyes depends upon which pigments are contained in the
iris
-
the conjunctiva is a mucous membrane covering the _________ and lining the ________
-
tears are produced by a set of glands next to the eyeball and known as the
lacrimal glands
-
the rod-shaped cell of the retina permit vision where there is
dim light
-
the highest concentration of rod-shaped cells is at the
outer edge of the retina
-
an inverted image is converted into an upright image at the
occipital lobe of the brain
-
the process of accommodation for near vision is due to the
changing shape of the lens
-
a person who suffer from nearsightedness can be assisted by glasses having
biconcave lenses
-
a person suffering from farsightedness can be helped by wearing glasses with
biconvex lenses
-
in a person who is farsighted the image forms
behind the retina
-
color blindness is the result of
genetic inheritance
-
the auditory tube leads from the
pharynx to the inner ear
-
sound vibrations ar econducted from the stapes to the perilymph of the cochlea by the
oval window
-
molicules stimulating the sour taste are mostly detected at the
lateral anterior portion of the tongue
-
the taste buds send their impulses to the brain for interpretation utilizing the
facial and glossopharyngeal nerves
-
the olfactory nerve is primarily concerned with carrying impulses from the
nose
-
the utricle, saccule, and vestibule are all concerned with the sense of
equilibrium
-
the nerve that transmits impulses from the eye to the brains is the
optic nerve
-
the two components of the outer layer of the eyeball are the
cornea and the sclera
-
the posterior chamber of the eye is found between the
iris and the lens
-
the neurons receiving impulses initiated by rod and cone cells are
bipolar neurons
-
the mucous membrane folded over part of the eyeball and lining the eyelid is the
conjunctiva
-
tears are produced in the eye to bath the eyeball by the
lacrimal apparatus
-
the principal sx for focusing light rays on the retina is the
lens
-
what condition is due to an irregular curvature of the lens or cornea
astigmatism
-
the major site for hearing perception in the brain is the temporal lobe of the
cerebrum
-
the three middle ear bones that transmit sound waves are known as the
-
the variety of smells that the body can detect is
over 4,000
-
the semicircular canals of the inner ear are concerned primarily with the sense of
equilibrium
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