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cellular respiration
the aerobic harvesting of energy from sugar by muscle cells (or other cells)
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redox reaction
- the movement of one molecule to another
- (also known as oxidation-reduction reaction)
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oxidation
the loss of electrons from one substance
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reduction
the addition of electrons to another substance
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dehydrogenase
an enzyme that plays a key role in the process of oxidizing glucose
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NAD+
- a coenzyme that plays a key role in the process of oxidizing glucose
- an organic molecule that cells make from vitamin niacin and use to shuttle electrons in redox reactions
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electron transport chain
a series of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy to make ATP
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Cellular Respiration
stage 1:Glycolysis
- begins respiration by breaking glucose into two molecules of a three-carbon compound called pyruvate
- (supply the third stage of respiration with electrons)
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Cellular Respiration
stage2:Citric Acid Cycle
- completes the breakdown of glucose by decomposing a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide
- (supply the third stage of respiration with electrons)
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Cellular Respiration
stage3:Oxidative Phosphorylation
- involves the electron transport chain and the process of chemiosmosis
- NADH and FADH2 shuttle electrons to the electron transport chain embedded in the inner mitochondrion membrane
- uses energy released by downhill fall of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to O2 to phosphorylate ADP
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Chemiosmosis
- energy-coupling mechanics that uses the energy of hydrogen ion (H+) gradients across membranes to phosphorylate ADP
- powers most ATP synthesis in cells
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ATP Synthasase
a cluster of several membrane proteins that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP
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Substrate-level Phosphorylation
- an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a phosphate molecule to ADP, forming ATP
- produces a small amount of ATP in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
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intermidiates
compounds that form between the initial reactant , glucose, and the final product, pyruvate
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lactic acid fermentation
the conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of carbon dioxide
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alcohol fermentation
the formation of pyruvate from glycolysis to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol
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obligate anaerobes
require anaerobic conditions and are poisoned by oxygen
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facultative anaerobe
makes ATP either by fermentation or by oxidative phosphorylation, depending on whether O2 is available
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