involves the electron transport chain and the process of chemiosmosis
NADH and FADH2 shuttle electrons to the electron transport chain embedded in the inner mitochondrion membrane
uses energy released by downhill fall of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to O2 to phosphorylate ADP
Chemiosmosis
energy-coupling mechanics that uses the energy of hydrogen ion (H+) gradients across membranes to phosphorylate ADP
powers most ATP synthesis in cells
ATP Synthasase
a cluster of several membrane proteins that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP
Substrate-level Phosphorylation
an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a phosphate molecule to ADP, forming ATP
produces a small amount of ATP in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
intermidiates
compounds that form between the initial reactant , glucose, and the final product, pyruvate
lactic acid fermentation
the conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of carbon dioxide
alcohol fermentation
the formation of pyruvate from glycolysis to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol
obligate anaerobes
require anaerobic conditions and are poisoned by oxygen
facultative anaerobe
makes ATP either by fermentation or by oxidative phosphorylation, depending on whether O2 is available