pathophysiology

another term for cancer

less dangerous, less destructive depending on where they are located could possibly be life threatening

more dangerous deadly and destructive

origin of cancer, cancer cells come from normal tissue, genetic changes from normal to cancerous tissue

Half a million will die of cancer each year

well-differentiated tumors that resemble the tissues of origin but have lost the ability to control cell proliferation.

grow by expansion, are enclosed in a fibrous capsule, and do not cause death unless their location is such that is interrupts vital body functions

less well-differentiated tumors that have lost the ability to control both cell proliferation and differentiation.

*They grow in a crablike manner to invade surrounding tissues, have cells that break loose and travel to distant sites to form metastases, and inevitably cause suffereing and death unless their growth can be controlled through treatment

(from pic)

*grow out of and go into lymph and blood bessels to form another tumor somewhere else. Tumor knows where it is going.

*Predictable liver, brain and is looking for some marker to make its home

*This process is NOT random

digestive enzymes to facilitate their invasive growth into neighboring tissues

moderately malignant neoplams

low-malignancy neoplams

highly malignant neoplasms

Malignant

normal genes that control cell growth and differentiation; if they become mutated then we call them oncogenes

promoting proto-oncogenes and growth-suppressing anti-oncogenes.

Normally, cell growth is genetically controlled so that potentially malignant cells are targeted for elimination by tumor-suppressing genes

normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. It involves mutations in the normal growth-regulating genes

multifactorial, involving the inheritance of cancer susceptibility genes and environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation and viruses

weight loss and wasting of body fat and muscle tissue

¨Cancer manifestations in sites not directly affected by disease

¨Associated with lung, breast, and hematologic malignancies

destruction and replacement of parenchymal tissue by neoplastic growth

Compression of blood vessels, with ischemia and necrosis of tissue; or tumor may outgrow its blood supply

Ischemia associated with rapid growth, with subsequent bacterial invasion

Expansive growth of tumor with compression and invasion of tissues

Impaired lymph flow from the serous cavity or erosion of tumor into the cavity

Abnormal production of coagulation factors by the tumor, obstruction of venous channels, and immobility

bleeding and depression of RBC production

Metastatic invasion of body structures

Destruction of bone due to metastasis or production by the tumor of parathyroid-like hormone

liberation of pain mediators by the tumor, compression, or ischemia of structures

Catabolic effect of the tumor on body metabolism along with selective trapping of nutrients by rapidly growing tumor cells

production by the tumor of hormones or hormone-like substances that are not regulated by normal feedback mechanisms

Associated tumor type: small cell lung cancer, others

Proposed Mechanism: production and release of ADH by tumor

Associated tumor type: small cell lung cancer, bronchial carcinoid cancers

Proposed Mechanism: Production and release of ACTH by tumor

Associated tumor type: squamous cell cancers of lung, head, neck, ovary

Proposed mechanism: production and release of polupeptide factor with close relationship to PTH

Associated tumor type: pancreatic lung, other cancers

Proposed mechanism: production of procoagulation factors

Associated tumor type: advanced cancers

Proposed mechanism: hypercoagulability

Associated tumor type: small cell lung cancer

proposed mechanism: autoimmune production of antibodies to motor end-plate structures