Biology Exam 2

He discovered that the universe was expanding/shifting evenly in all directions.

a small condensed ball of matter

chemistry w/ magic

Earth, Wind, Air, Fire

• 1) Turn lead to gold
• 2) A universal solvent liquid
• 3) Fountain of youth

Study of matter & energy

all matter consists of atom

Atomic Theory....Evolution

Richard Feynman

@ the age of ten he hypothesized that everything was made of smaller things

He identified the components inside of atoms

1981

number of proteins

protons + nuetrons

Identity....Personality

Created a table that arranged elements according to their atomic number. This is known as the Periodic Table

• Horizontal rows or periods are arragned by atomic number
• Vertical rows or groups are arranged by similar chemical properties

1.......79

100

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen (CHON) 96%

• O=65%
• C=18.5%
• H=9.5%
• N=3.3%

The release of energy by electrons

454 grams

The study of Carbon

There are more compounds that contain carbon that those that do not.

a bond were electrons are shared amongst element/nutrients

• 1) backbone of many molecules/macromolecules
• 2) humans weight is 2/3 carbon when dehydrated
• 3) average human consumes about 300g of carbon daily

There was a huge surplus of plants growing and eventually all of the carbondioxide was used up. This caused many plants to die. Millions of years later these plants turned to coal.

an atom that has lost or gained charge

without ions our bodies would aquire several difficiencies.

Calcium and Vitamin D

• 1) water is the only common liquid on earth
• 2) covers about 3/4 of the earth
• 3) 70% of cell weight

The whole earth would be covered by one inch of water

• a) high specific heat
• b) high heat of vaporation
• c) universal solvent
• d) unusual density... max density at 4 degree celcius

ice

Diatomic molecule (2 oxygens) that covalently bond together that oxydizes food to release energy

cyanbacteria is a bluegreen algae or pondscum that is responsible for the first photosynthesis. Belongs to the archaebacteria phylum (2.8 bya) and is a very independent organism.

21%

Ice is about 91% as dense as water...so it floats

.04 or .0387

volcanic activity, cow farts/methane gas, burning fossil fuels

carbon containing biomolecules containing many many many atoms

• 1) elaborately organized
• 2) only 4 general types

• nucleic acids
• carbohydrates
• lipids
• proteins

RNA & DNA

• 1-2-1
• 1 carbon 2 hydrogen 1 oxygen

• 1) major source of energy; especially C-H bonds
• 2) supplies atoms for synthesis of other biochemical molecules

monosaccharides are single saccharide SUGARS fructose, galactose, glucose

disaccharides are dual/double sugars saccharide carbs SUCROSE ex. maltose, lactose

polysaccharidesare STARCH & GLYCOGEN

fungus that contains nitrogen

a cure that treats symptoms only---lactaid for those whom are lactose intollerant

cellulose is basically a plants cell wall. it is important because alot of our resources are cellulose like wood "it is the most organic chemical on the planet"

C-6 H-12 O-6

then your children have a 4-10% increased chance of also being tolerant of lactose

lipids are fats and are composed with CHO but less O. they are a component of membrane and are the best chemical storage for energy

• 1 glycerol
• 3 triglycerides
• saturated
• unsaturated
• polyunsaturated

• saturated fats typically means that there are alot of bonds of hydrogen and carbon therefore it is generally oily....
• unsaturated fats are solids

an instrument used to measure energy in food?

• essential fats are fats that we do not contain as humans and must get them from eating products that contain them
• omega 3 and omega 6

• low density lipo proteins (LDL) are bad cholesterol that block your arteries
• high density lipo proteins (HDL) are the good cholesterols that are broken down in your liver

1/3.......1/3

CHO N S

10^5-10^6

chicken, fish, peanuts, beef



Structural component, enzymes, muscle contracting (myasin actin)

Amino Acids

infinite....20

H--N--H

H-C- -

O--C-OH

acid group

20

robosomes

IT DETERMINES THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A PROTEIN AND IT DETERMINES THE GENETIC CODE

genes

the study of motion

study of reaction (making and breaking bonds)

hot air balloon explodes because it is full of hydrogen... only 37 people died

• electrons like to be in pairs
• no net charge
• octet rule or full outer shell
• number of atoms must balance
• all reactions are reversible

resource?

• energy releasing bond (AB--> A+B+energy)
• energy required (A+B+energy--> AB)

• biological catalyst- increase chemical rates
• 3d shape proteins and there names end in ase
• decrease activation energy

one molecule of carbonic anhydrase can convert 600,000 water and carbon dioxide into dihydrogen carbontrioxide in a second

DNA Codes for a bunch of enzymes

the capacity to do work

the transfer of energy

light, electricity, chemical, mechanical (highly organized)

heat (poorly organized) heat molecules move randomly....

energy at rest



energy in action

energy conservation- energy is neither created or deformed; only changed in its type

a diet

energy transfer- transforming of high grade energy into low grade energy is not 100% efficient

ex = high grade energy 1--> high grade energy 2 + heat

energy does not decrease in quantity but rather in quality

a measure of disorder

perpetual motion- motion that continues indefinitely without any external source of energy; impossible in practice because of friction

energy = mass x speed of light

• mass and energy are two forms of the same thing (energy is liberated matter)
• energy is held inside the nucleus of atoms

building with light

(6 carbon dioxide + 6 Water )--Chlorophyll & light--> {C6H12O6+6 dioxygens} {glucose and oxygen}

99% of light is wavelengths --spectrum

• 1) occurs in autotrophs and chlorophyl
• 2) happens in the chloroplast
• 3) synthetic: endergonic reaction
• 4) driven by lights (red&blue) not heat waves

light is captured by chorophyll, moves to electrons to higher orbit, electron energy used to produce carbon hydrogen bonds in molecules like glucose

sets limit on available energy

about .1% aquatic marine, 1% land plants (maximum is 10-15%)

nuclear and geothermal

3,000

heterotrophs- feeds on others

Adenosine Triphosphate- provides energy for cells to do work

ex nerve impulse, contraction of muscles, production of hormones

adenosine di phosphate are uncharged so they go through cellular respiration to obtain oxygen and glucose. once charged with these nutrients it is considered ATP. ATP returns to ADP when biological work is done

45%

oxygen is added to C to make carbon dioxide and all hydrogen becomes water; this is done to maintain ph levels and prevent overheating

glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport system (all occurs in the mitochondria)

carbs, fats, amino acids

stored as glycogen for 24 hours

90-100mg (glucose)/100 ml blood

he was the scientist who identified the hormone insulin found in the pancreas which is produced by the langerhans .

• hyperglycemia- 2 much sugar in blood recorded after 8 hours
• hypoglycemia- not enough sugar in blood level measured after 8 hours

• hyper- 100-125= pre diabetic 125+ diabetic
• hypo- below 90

450 degrees Fahrenheit

epidemiology is the study of the spread and intensity of a disease


3500; 1/2 are diabetic amputees

• Type I -juvenile or genetic diabetes
• Type II- acquired diabetes caused by bad lifestyles
• Type III- induced by pregnancy (gestational)

80-90% of diabetes in the US are a result of acquired diabetes....bad lifestyles

1/3 of children will be pre-diabetic by age 20

nuclear fusion-electromagnetic wave lengths transmit energy

photosynthesis transforms this energy through chlorophyl

cellular respiration- both plants and animals do this

the study of function at any level of organization

• 1) relationships exists between form and function
• 2) physiology systems are both explained and constrained by mechanisms (role of mechanisms)
• 3) homeostasis-internal states remain relatively constant i.e balance

expanded homeostasis-came up with the concept that despite the drastic changes that occur outside the body, internal states generally remain the same.... this was illustrated through concept that a running human produces enough heat to change the shape of proteins and release enough lactic acid that would kill us bet we are constantly adjusting to keep balance state on the inside this is known as homeostasis

first to come up with the concept of homeostasis

multi-functional, interrelated, and maintain homeostasis.

these promote: survival, growth, and reproduction

a system were output or product of a process influence future output

• positive feedback: always increasing until infinity or is all gone..... cancer cell production, oxytocin-stretch hormone for uterus
• negative feedback: has a sensor integrator that regulates its output. stays around a constant level

adjustments for survival

form anatomy and function psychology

also known as the gastrointestinal tract/ gi tract and is used to digest, assimilate and excrete food in/from the body

small living bacteria that help breakdown toxins in body assists immune system

the immune system is the body's defense. it has three layers of defense skin, non specific (major histocompability complex) and immune system

• macrophage: detects virus (also related to monocytes)
• helper T cells: notifies the T and B cells
• T Cells: punctures holes inside of the invader and kills it
• B cell: makes antibodies
• memory cells- remembers the virus and speeds up kill time on the next invasion

220 - age=maximum heart rate

does a lot of crap.... sends messages throughout the body to tell em what to do-do :) (love u baby thanks for helping)

• CNS= central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
• Peripheral nervous system= everything else

neuron

dendrites--> axon terminals

space between axon and dendrite

transmits dozens of neurons to the rest of the body...

72-75

43

86

just under 1 million 900,000

system of glands that produces hormones

major component is the pituitary gland/ master endocrine gland

63,000 miles of blood vessels

system that pumps blood throughout the body.... heart is the major component

3X for 30 min

oxygen deprived blood goes through right ventricle-pulmonary artery-lung capillaries-pulmonary vein-left atrium-left ventricle- aorta-major arteries-arterioles-capillaries-venules-veins-vena cava- right atrium

pulmonary vein, venules,

• 1) transport waste and distribute heat
• 2) store water
• 3) clotting/self repair
• 4) balance acidity
• 5) protect against diseases

disease that eats other cells and antibodies

produce gametes and sex hormones

• function to protection, temperature, regulation of pigmentation (its skin dummy)
• cutaneous is the alternative name

controls movement at all levels... main muscle proteins are myosin and actin

skeletal, smooth & cardiac muscles

muscles that in pair do the opposites of each other..... when you work out your biceps your triceps relax and vice versa

fast twitch muscles are for sprinters slow twitch are for marathon runners

640

• gluteus maximus; stapedius
• 26 muscles in foot

kidneys, ureters, bladder urethra is used to filter the blood, regulate water/salt balance and nitrogen (urea) excretion

nephron

protect, support, and muscle attachment are the major functions of the skeletal system also hold in calcium and phosphorus to prevent osteoporosis

206 bones in the human body

diner crimes

digestive, immune, nervous, endocrine, respiratory circulatory/cardiovascular, reproductive, integumentary, muscular, excretory, skeletal

psychologist that prioritized all human needs. suggest that the biological needs were the most important of all

biological needs= food, water, oxygen, mates

oxygen is obviously the most important of these needs

N2-78%, O2-21%, Ar-0.9%, CO2-.03/.04%

760 mm Hg

760 x 0.2095 = 159.2 mm Hg

the partial pressure drops to 380 x 0.2095 = 80 mm Hg which is to low to breathe

oxygen level is still 21% but there is not enough pressure to force the oxygen into the lungs

• anoxic- no oxygen
• hypoxic-lower than normal
• normoxic-normal concentration of oxygen
• hyperoxic: more than normal

to much oxygen is toxic

irish republic army man who went on a hunger strike that lasted for 65 days.....he dies

• 1) water only contains 1/20th as much oxygen as air
• 2) when temp goes up oxygen goes down
• 3) when salt increases oxygen goes down (37 pp thousand %)
• 4) farther from sea level incline/decline oxygen levels go down

in water

no... however some tuna and sharks can?

• movement of substance down a concentration gradient
• important for di-oxygen carbon-dioxide transfers
• rate= diffusion coefficient x area x (pressure/distance)

large, thin, moist, vascular/blood supply, renewed media

lungs, gills, skin, mouth, stomach.

where turtles breathe from... out there anus

• 1 ventilation/breathing
• 2 external respiration= oxygen and blood in --> oxygenated blood and Carbon dioxide
• 3 internal transport= oxygenated blood goes to tissue and releases the oxygen
• 4 cellular respiration= di oxygen + 4 hydrogen --> 2 water molecules

• nares are nostrils.... sinuses help decrease weight of skull and affect our speech
• mucus membrane holder
• throat behind the nose

tubes that lead to the ear

lymphatic tissue

throat behind the mouth

thing that dangles in the back of your throat

sound production, pressure valve for coughing and sneezing

keeps food out of the trachea

choking