-
recognition of traits shared by broad ranges of pathogens, sing a small set of receptors
innate immunity
-
Rapid response
innate immunity
-
Barrier defenses:
skin
mucuous membranes
secretions
innate im
-
recognition of traits specific to particular pathogens, using a vast array of receptors
acquired immunity
-
slower response
acquired immunity
-
Humoral response:
antibodies defend against infection in body fluids
acquired
-
cell-mediated response: cytotoxic lymphocytes defend against infection in body cells
acquired immunity
-
small, specific regions on antigens that bind to antigen receptors on lymphocytes and by secreted antibodies
epitopes
-
steps of clonal selection
- 1) anytigen molecule binds to antigen receptors
- 2) selected B cell or T cell proliferates , forming a clone of identical cells bearing receptors for the antigen
- 3) Some proliferating cells become memory or effector cells
-
promotes neutralization and cross-linking of antigens; very effective in complement system
IgM
-
Promotes opsonization, neutralization, and crosslinking of antigens; less effective in activation of complement system than IgM
IgG
-
Provicdes localized defense of mucous memranes by crosslinking and neutralization of antigens
IgA
-
triggers release from mast cells and basophils of histamine and other chems that cause allergic reaction
IgE
-
Acts as antigen receptor in the antigen-stimulated proliferation and differentiation of B cells (clonal selection)
IgD
-
a disorder in which the ability of an immune system to protect against pathogens is defectie or absent
immunodeficiency
-
AN __ results from a genetic or developmental defect in th immune system
inborn immunodefi.
-
An __ develops later in life following exposure to chem or biological agents
acquired immunodef.
-
regular events for some viruses and parasites that cause changes in epitope expression
antigenic variation
-
inactive state of virusesthat remain in host without activating immune defenses, ceasing production of viral productions targeted by lymphocytes
latency
-
the excretory tubule collects a flitrate from thebloood. Water and solutes are forced by blood pressure across the selectively permeable membranes of a cluster of capilalaries and into the excretory tubule
filtration
-
the transport epithelium reclaims valuable substances from the filtrate and returns them to the body fluids
reabsorption
-
other substances like toxins and excess ions are extracted from body fluids and added to teh contents of the excretory tubule
secretion
-
the alttered filtrate (urine) leaves the system and body
excretion
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