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Failure to produce offspring
Subnormal number of offspring
Infertility
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Infertility
Female:
Male:
- Female:
- Failure to cycle
- estrous cycle alterations
- failure to conceive
- Male: spermatozoa production, transport or storage disturbance
- aberration (lack) of libido
- mating problem
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Termination of gestation after organogenesis is complete but before the expelled fetus can survive
Abortion
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If pregnancy ends before organogenesis is complete
Early embryonic death
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Dead full-term fetus
Still birth
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Estrous cycle:
Estrus -
Ovulation -
Conception:
Pregnancy:
Embryo -
Fetus -
Parturition:
Lactation:
Neonate -
- Estrus - Anestrus
- Ovulation - Infertility
- Conception - Infertility
- Embryo - Infertility
- Fetus - Fetal death, Abortion, Mummification
- Parturition - Perinatal and Neonatal death
- Neonate - Perinatal and Neonatal death
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Failure of testicular descent
Suppression of spermatogenesis
Boars and Stallions
Cryptorchidism
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Copulatory failure; surgically correctable
Penile deviation
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Sterile female born twin to male
Placental blood vessels fuse - failure of development of female reproductive tract
Freemartinism
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Infectious causes of Abortions
- a. Bacterial diseases: brucellosis, leptospirosis, tuberculosis, vibriosis, anthrax
- b. Chlamydial
- c. Viral diseases: IBR, BVD, PRV, Bluetongue
- d. Fungal infections
- e. Parasite infections: toxoplasmosis
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Physical Causes of Abortions
- a. Insemination pipets
- b. Palpation
- c. Torsion
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Chemical causes of Abortions
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Hormonal causes of Abortions
- a. Estrogen
- b. Prostaglandins
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Genetic causes of Abortions
Embryonic defects
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Bovine Abortion
Pathogenesis of infectious abortion
- 1. Disease in cow
- 2. Placental transfer
- 3. Fetal disease
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Gestation periods
Ovum:
10-12 days following ovulation and fertilization
loss of ovum is infertility
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Gestation periods
Embryo:
Sheep:
Cow:
Mare:
14-15 days following fertilization
- loss of embryo is embryonic death
- Sheep: 17-20 days
- Cow: 30-36 days
- Mare: 70-90 days
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Gestation periods
Fetus:
Loss of fetus is abortion
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Ability to mount an immune response
Fetal immunocompetency
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Gestation period for cow
285 days
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Gestation period for ewe
149 days
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Gestation period for mare
345 days
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Factors affecting dystocia (difficulty calving)
Calf effects:
Cow effects:
Calf effects: heavy birthweight
Cow effects: age, pelvic size, fetal position
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Stages of Parturition
- 1. Preparatory stage
- 2. Stage 2 (Delivery)
- 3. Stage 3 (Cleaning)
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Preparatory stage
- a. fetal position
- b. uterine changes
- c. cervix dilates
- d. contractions- uterus
- e. water sac expelled
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Stage 2 Delivery
- a. fetus enters canal
- b. contractions increase
- c. calf born
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Stage 3 Cleaning
placenta is expelled (6 hrs)
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Stages of Calving Assistance
- 1. pelvic exam
- 2. determine fetus position
- 3. determine size of calf
- 4. attach OB chains
- 5. traction
- 6. hip lock
- 7. posterior presentation - reposition or do c-section
- 8. torsion of uterus
- 9. calf puller
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Potential Post Delivery Problems
- Uterine prolapse
- Retained placenta
- Vaginal prolapse: occurs before parturition
*medical treatment
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Breeding Soundness Examination
- 1. BCS
- 2. General physical exam
- 3. Scrotum - testicles, epididymus, skin
- 4. Penis
- 5. Semen
- 6. Classification
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