-
endocrine system
composed of organs (glands) that secrete regulatory substances (hormones) directly into the bloodstream
-
hormones
regulatory substances carried to target organs where they influence the physiological activity of these structures
-
exogenous hormones
hormones that are administered to an animal
-
endogenous hormones
hormones produced naturally in the body
-
hypothalamus
structure that integrates the actions of the endocrine and nervous systems
-
releasing factor (releasing hormone)
hormone produced by the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary to stimulate the release of tropic hormones
-
gonadotropin-releasing hormone
hormone that stimulates the ovaries or testes
-
pituitary gland
master gland of the endocrine system, controls the regulation of the system
-
tropic hormone (anterior pituitary)
hormone that results in production of a second hormone in a taget gland
-
correct deficiency of a hormone
obtain a desired physiological effect
hormones are needed for two reasons:
-
Vasopressin (ADH)
Antidiuretic hormone
target organ is the kidneys, stimulates water retention, posterior pituitary lobe
-
Oxytocin
target organ is the uterus and mammary glands, stimulates uterine contraction and milk letdown, posterior pituitary gland
-
estrogens
hormones that are synthesized by the ovaries, hormone of "heat"
-
progesterone
hormones produced by the corpus luteum, "hormone of pregnancy"
-
suppress estrus, treatment of false pregnancy, treatment of behavioral disorders
uses of progesterones
-
androgens
male sex hormones produced in the testicles and adrenal cortex and ovaries
-
oxytocin (Pitocin)
produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland, stimulates uterine contraction and milk letdown
-
dinoprost tromethamine (Lutalyse)
injectable prostaglandin, lyses active corpus luteum which decreases progesterone
-
hypothyroidism
decreased levels of thyroid hormone in the body, seen more often in dogs, treatment is replacement thyroid hormones
-
hyperthyroidism
increased levels of thyroid hormone in the body, usually seen in cats, treatment is directed at lowering blood levels of T3 and T4
-
Tapazole, methimazole
Hyperthyroid drug, therapy to block hormone production
-
addison's disease, hypoadrenalcorticism
results from a deficiency of hormones from the cortex of the adrenal gland, treatment is directed at increasing cortisol
-
hyperadrenalcorticism, Cushings disease
results from an excess of hormones from the cortex of the adrenal gland, treatment is to decreased cortisol levels
-
insulin, glucagon
hormones produced in the pancreas
-
diabetes mellitus
severe metabolic disease resulting from a deficiency of the hormone insulin
-
type 1
due to a true deficiency of insulin, 20% of diabetic cats
-
type 2
characterized by abnormal insulin secretion and peripheral insulin, 80% of diabetic cats
-
40 and 100 units/ml (U-40 and U-100)
insulin concentrations
-
U40 and U100 or tuberculin syringes
insulin syringes
-
short acting, intermediate acting, long acting
three types of insulin drugs
-
short acting
type of insulin primarily used in diabetic emergencies, clear solution-IV, IM, SQ
-
intermediate acting
type of insuling used for maintenance treatment, cloudy suspension SQ
-
Regular insulin (Humulin R or Novolin R)
short acting type of insulin
-
NPH insulin (Humulin N or Novolin N)-100U/ml
Lente (Vetsulin)-synthetic-40 U/ml
intermediate insulin drugs
-
long acting insulin drugs
type of insulin drug that is used for maintenance treatment, cloudy suspension (SQ), common with cats
-
PZI Insulin (PZI Vet)-40 U/ml
Ultralente insuling
Glargine insulin (Lantus)-100 U/ml
long acting insuling drugs
-
cats!
insulin metablizes faster in....
-
dermatitis
inflammation of the skin
-
granulation tissue
new tissue formed in the healing of wounds
-
-
pyoderma
any skin disease characterized by the presence of pus
-
seborrhea
increase in scaling of skin
-
much more rapidly
damaged skin and newborn skin absorbs drugs....
-
outermost layer of epidermis
hair follicles
sweat or sebacious gland
drugs are absorbed by 3 routes
-
emollients
soften and protect skin
-
protectants
provide a protective environment to assist healing of non-infected wounds
-
absorbents
keeps areas dry by absorbing moisture
-
wound cleansers
used during the garage of wounds to help remove necrotic tissue, debris and bacteria
-
BioDres
protectant that stimulates wound healing
-
antiseborrheics
drugs typically found in medicated shampoos that are used to treat scaly skin, may reduce sebum production
-
sulfur
removes excess keratin in the skin
-
astringents
used to treat moist dermatitis in dogs and cats and weeping skin in large animals
-
antiseptics
kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms on living tissue
-
antipruitics
provide TEMP relief of itching
-
antibacterials
used to treat and prevent superficial bacterial infections of wounds, be careful with deep wounds as drugs may be absorbed systemically
-
antifungals
used to treat superficial fungal infections, Foot Rot in cattle and swine and Thrush in horses
-
gentamicin (Gentocin)
antibacterial drug
-
miconazole (Conofite)
antifungal drugs
-
nystatin (Panalog, Animax)
antibacterial and antifungal
-
caustics
substances that destroy tissue
-
counterirritants
substances used to produce irritation and inflammation
-
inflammation
phagocytize bacteria and necrotic debris
granulation-infiltration of capillaries, collagen and protein
remodeling and strengthening
four stages of wound healing
-
conjunctivitis
inflammation of the conjunctiva
-
ectropion
a rolling outward of the eyelid
-
entropion
a rolling inward of the eyelid
-
glaucoma
eye diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure in anterior chamber, tonometers meaure this
-
keratitis
inflammation of the cornea
-
miosis
contraction of the pupil
-
mydriasis
dilation of the pupil
-
uveitis
inflammation of the uvea (low eye pressure)
-
topical, subconjunctival, parenteral, oral
routes of administration of eye medications
-
steroids
if there is an ulcer in the eye, do not use...
-
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS)
dry eye
-
schirmer tear test
measurement of tear production
-
cyclosporine
to stimulate tear production, mix with corn oil
-
mydriatics
drugs that dilate the pupil, relieves spasm of ciliary muscle
-
cycloplegics
drugs that paralyze the muscle of the ciliary body, used to relieve pain
-
miotics
drugs that constrict the pupil, treats glaucoma by increasing outflow of aqueous humor which reduces intraocular pressure
-
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
reduce production of aqueous humor
-
beta blockers
reduce intraoccular pressure when used topically
-
osmotic diuretic
admin IV in emergency situations to decrease intraoccular pressure
-
mannitol (Osmitrol)
Osmotic Diuretic, intraoccular pressure reducing drug
-
opthalmic anesthetics
topical anesthetics that anesthetize "numb" the corneal surface
-
opthalmic stains
fluorescein stain (dye strips) used to diagnose corneal ulcers
-
antiviral agents
treat viral infections of the eye
-
antifungal agents
treat fungal infections of the eye
-
antibacterial agents
treat superficial ocular infections
-
anti-inflammatory agents
steroidal drugs used to treat inflammation of the cornea, uvea, conjunctive, sclera and iris
-
antibacterial agents
antibacterial drugs found in otic preparations that are used to treat acute and chronic otitis in animals
-
antiparasitic agents
products used to treat parasite infections in the ear such as ear mites and ticks
-
Ace-Otic Cleanser
drying agent used to reduce moisture in the ears
-
antimicrobial
drugs that inhibit or kill the growth of mircoorganisms
-
-cidal
agent capable of killing microorganisms
-
-static
agent that inhibits growth or microorganisms
-
narrow-spectrum
antibiotic that acts specifically on either gram-negative or gram-positive bacteria but not both
-
broad-spectrum
antibiotic that acts on both gram-neg and gram-pos bacteria
-
susceptibility
measurement of a drugs effect on a microbe
-
sensitive
ability of a microbe to be killed or the growth to be inhibited
-
resistant
ability of a microbe to withstand doses of a drug that will kill or inhibit the growth of most members of its species
-
amoxicillin with clavulanic, Clavamox, Augmentin in human medicine
penicillin drug
-
tetracyclines
these drugs can affect bone and teeth formation (staining of teeth) in young animals...bacteriostatic, broad-spectrum, not approved for food-producing animals
-
aminoglycosides
bactericidal, narrow-spectrum, not for use in food-producing animals, parenteral
-
fluoroquinolones
bactericidal, broad-spectrum, oral and parenteral
-
Baytril, Zeniquin, Orbax, Dicural, Cipro
fluoroquinolone drugs
-
sulfonamides
"sulfa" drugs, bacteriostatic unless potentiated, narrow-spectrum unless potentiated
-
Albon, sulfadimethoxine
sulfonamide drug used to treat coccidia
-
chloramphenicol
bacteriostatic (bactericidal at high doses), broad-spectrum, use in food animals has been banned due to fatal anemia in humans
-
macrolides
bacteriostatic (or bactericidal at high doses), broad-spectrum
-
lincosamides
bacteriostatic or bactericidal (depends on concentrations attained at site of infection), narrow-spectrum from gram-pos bacteria
-
-
Flagyl, metronidazole
antimicrobial drug, not in a class of drugs, used to treat giardia
-
mycoses
fungal infection that are either superficial or systemic
-
antiviral drugs
act by preventing viral penetration of host cell or by inhibiting the virus' replication of RNA or DNA, Interferon (Roferon-A)
-
nosocomial infections
infections acquired during hospitalization
-
sanitizer
reduces the number of microbes to safe level
-
sterilizer
completely destroys all microorganisms
-
broad spectrum
non-irritating and nontoxic to tissues
non-corrosive or staining to inanimate objects
stable and not easily inactivated
effective in presence of organic material
long shelf life
inexpensive
ideal properties of disinfectant and antiseptics
-
Roccal-D Plus
quarternary ammonium compound, inactivated by soaps, detergents and organic molecules
-
phenols
bacteria and virus-moderate activity, fungi-high activity
-
alcohols
bacteria-high activity, virus-no activity, fungi-slight activity
-
ethylene oxide
bacteria, virus, fungi-high activity, used for gas sterilization
-
chlorines and iodines
halogens
-
chlorines
bacteria-moderate activity, virus and fungi-high activity
-
iodines
bacteria, virus-high activity and fungi-moderate activity, Betadine and Povidine
-
chlorhexidine
bacteria,virus,fungi-moderate activity, Nolvasan
-
glutaraldehyde
bacteria, virus, fungi-high activity, Cidex
-
Peroxide
not virucidal or fungicidal, Hydrogen Peroxide
|
|
