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endocrine system
composed of organs (glands) that secrete regulatory substances (hormones) directly into the bloodstream
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hormones
regulatory substances carried to target organs where they influence the physiological activity of these structures
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exogenous hormones
hormones that are administered to an animal
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endogenous hormones
hormones produced naturally in the body
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hypothalamus
structure that integrates the actions of the endocrine and nervous systems
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releasing factor (releasing hormone)
hormone produced by the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary to stimulate the release of tropic hormones
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gonadotropin-releasing hormone
hormone that stimulates the ovaries or testes
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pituitary gland
master gland of the endocrine system, controls the regulation of the system
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tropic hormone (anterior pituitary)
hormone that results in production of a second hormone in a taget gland
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correct deficiency of a hormone
obtain a desired physiological effect
hormones are needed for two reasons:
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Vasopressin (ADH)
Antidiuretic hormone
target organ is the kidneys, stimulates water retention, posterior pituitary lobe
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Oxytocin
target organ is the uterus and mammary glands, stimulates uterine contraction and milk letdown, posterior pituitary gland
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estrogens
hormones that are synthesized by the ovaries, hormone of "heat"
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progesterone
hormones produced by the corpus luteum, "hormone of pregnancy"
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suppress estrus, treatment of false pregnancy, treatment of behavioral disorders
uses of progesterones
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androgens
male sex hormones produced in the testicles and adrenal cortex and ovaries
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oxytocin (Pitocin)
produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland, stimulates uterine contraction and milk letdown
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dinoprost tromethamine (Lutalyse)
injectable prostaglandin, lyses active corpus luteum which decreases progesterone
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hypothyroidism
decreased levels of thyroid hormone in the body, seen more often in dogs, treatment is replacement thyroid hormones
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hyperthyroidism
increased levels of thyroid hormone in the body, usually seen in cats, treatment is directed at lowering blood levels of T3 and T4
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Tapazole, methimazole
Hyperthyroid drug, therapy to block hormone production
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addison's disease, hypoadrenalcorticism
results from a deficiency of hormones from the cortex of the adrenal gland, treatment is directed at increasing cortisol
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hyperadrenalcorticism, Cushings disease
results from an excess of hormones from the cortex of the adrenal gland, treatment is to decreased cortisol levels
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insulin, glucagon
hormones produced in the pancreas
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diabetes mellitus
severe metabolic disease resulting from a deficiency of the hormone insulin
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type 1
due to a true deficiency of insulin, 20% of diabetic cats
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type 2
characterized by abnormal insulin secretion and peripheral insulin, 80% of diabetic cats
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40 and 100 units/ml (U-40 and U-100)
insulin concentrations
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U40 and U100 or tuberculin syringes
insulin syringes
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short acting, intermediate acting, long acting
three types of insulin drugs
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short acting
type of insulin primarily used in diabetic emergencies, clear solution-IV, IM, SQ
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intermediate acting
type of insuling used for maintenance treatment, cloudy suspension SQ
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Regular insulin (Humulin R or Novolin R)
short acting type of insulin
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NPH insulin (Humulin N or Novolin N)-100U/ml
Lente (Vetsulin)-synthetic-40 U/ml
intermediate insulin drugs
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long acting insulin drugs
type of insulin drug that is used for maintenance treatment, cloudy suspension (SQ), common with cats
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PZI Insulin (PZI Vet)-40 U/ml
Ultralente insuling
Glargine insulin (Lantus)-100 U/ml
long acting insuling drugs
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cats!
insulin metablizes faster in....
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dermatitis
inflammation of the skin
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granulation tissue
new tissue formed in the healing of wounds
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pyoderma
any skin disease characterized by the presence of pus
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seborrhea
increase in scaling of skin
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much more rapidly
damaged skin and newborn skin absorbs drugs....
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outermost layer of epidermis
hair follicles
sweat or sebacious gland
drugs are absorbed by 3 routes
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emollients
soften and protect skin
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protectants
provide a protective environment to assist healing of non-infected wounds
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absorbents
keeps areas dry by absorbing moisture
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wound cleansers
used during the garage of wounds to help remove necrotic tissue, debris and bacteria
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BioDres
protectant that stimulates wound healing
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antiseborrheics
drugs typically found in medicated shampoos that are used to treat scaly skin, may reduce sebum production
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sulfur
removes excess keratin in the skin
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astringents
used to treat moist dermatitis in dogs and cats and weeping skin in large animals
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antiseptics
kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms on living tissue
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antipruitics
provide TEMP relief of itching
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antibacterials
used to treat and prevent superficial bacterial infections of wounds, be careful with deep wounds as drugs may be absorbed systemically
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antifungals
used to treat superficial fungal infections, Foot Rot in cattle and swine and Thrush in horses
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gentamicin (Gentocin)
antibacterial drug
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miconazole (Conofite)
antifungal drugs
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nystatin (Panalog, Animax)
antibacterial and antifungal
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caustics
substances that destroy tissue
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counterirritants
substances used to produce irritation and inflammation
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inflammation
phagocytize bacteria and necrotic debris
granulation-infiltration of capillaries, collagen and protein
remodeling and strengthening
four stages of wound healing
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conjunctivitis
inflammation of the conjunctiva
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ectropion
a rolling outward of the eyelid
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entropion
a rolling inward of the eyelid
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glaucoma
eye diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure in anterior chamber, tonometers meaure this
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keratitis
inflammation of the cornea
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miosis
contraction of the pupil
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mydriasis
dilation of the pupil
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uveitis
inflammation of the uvea (low eye pressure)
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topical, subconjunctival, parenteral, oral
routes of administration of eye medications
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steroids
if there is an ulcer in the eye, do not use...
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Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS)
dry eye
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schirmer tear test
measurement of tear production
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cyclosporine
to stimulate tear production, mix with corn oil
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mydriatics
drugs that dilate the pupil, relieves spasm of ciliary muscle
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cycloplegics
drugs that paralyze the muscle of the ciliary body, used to relieve pain
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miotics
drugs that constrict the pupil, treats glaucoma by increasing outflow of aqueous humor which reduces intraocular pressure
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carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
reduce production of aqueous humor
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beta blockers
reduce intraoccular pressure when used topically
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osmotic diuretic
admin IV in emergency situations to decrease intraoccular pressure
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mannitol (Osmitrol)
Osmotic Diuretic, intraoccular pressure reducing drug
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opthalmic anesthetics
topical anesthetics that anesthetize "numb" the corneal surface
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opthalmic stains
fluorescein stain (dye strips) used to diagnose corneal ulcers
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antiviral agents
treat viral infections of the eye
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antifungal agents
treat fungal infections of the eye
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antibacterial agents
treat superficial ocular infections
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anti-inflammatory agents
steroidal drugs used to treat inflammation of the cornea, uvea, conjunctive, sclera and iris
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antibacterial agents
antibacterial drugs found in otic preparations that are used to treat acute and chronic otitis in animals
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antiparasitic agents
products used to treat parasite infections in the ear such as ear mites and ticks
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Ace-Otic Cleanser
drying agent used to reduce moisture in the ears
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antimicrobial
drugs that inhibit or kill the growth of mircoorganisms
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-cidal
agent capable of killing microorganisms
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-static
agent that inhibits growth or microorganisms
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narrow-spectrum
antibiotic that acts specifically on either gram-negative or gram-positive bacteria but not both
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broad-spectrum
antibiotic that acts on both gram-neg and gram-pos bacteria
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susceptibility
measurement of a drugs effect on a microbe
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sensitive
ability of a microbe to be killed or the growth to be inhibited
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resistant
ability of a microbe to withstand doses of a drug that will kill or inhibit the growth of most members of its species
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amoxicillin with clavulanic, Clavamox, Augmentin in human medicine
penicillin drug
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tetracyclines
these drugs can affect bone and teeth formation (staining of teeth) in young animals...bacteriostatic, broad-spectrum, not approved for food-producing animals
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aminoglycosides
bactericidal, narrow-spectrum, not for use in food-producing animals, parenteral
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fluoroquinolones
bactericidal, broad-spectrum, oral and parenteral
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Baytril, Zeniquin, Orbax, Dicural, Cipro
fluoroquinolone drugs
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sulfonamides
"sulfa" drugs, bacteriostatic unless potentiated, narrow-spectrum unless potentiated
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Albon, sulfadimethoxine
sulfonamide drug used to treat coccidia
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chloramphenicol
bacteriostatic (bactericidal at high doses), broad-spectrum, use in food animals has been banned due to fatal anemia in humans
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macrolides
bacteriostatic (or bactericidal at high doses), broad-spectrum
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lincosamides
bacteriostatic or bactericidal (depends on concentrations attained at site of infection), narrow-spectrum from gram-pos bacteria
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Flagyl, metronidazole
antimicrobial drug, not in a class of drugs, used to treat giardia
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mycoses
fungal infection that are either superficial or systemic
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antiviral drugs
act by preventing viral penetration of host cell or by inhibiting the virus' replication of RNA or DNA, Interferon (Roferon-A)
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nosocomial infections
infections acquired during hospitalization
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sanitizer
reduces the number of microbes to safe level
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sterilizer
completely destroys all microorganisms
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broad spectrum
non-irritating and nontoxic to tissues
non-corrosive or staining to inanimate objects
stable and not easily inactivated
effective in presence of organic material
long shelf life
inexpensive
ideal properties of disinfectant and antiseptics
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Roccal-D Plus
quarternary ammonium compound, inactivated by soaps, detergents and organic molecules
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phenols
bacteria and virus-moderate activity, fungi-high activity
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alcohols
bacteria-high activity, virus-no activity, fungi-slight activity
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ethylene oxide
bacteria, virus, fungi-high activity, used for gas sterilization
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chlorines and iodines
halogens
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chlorines
bacteria-moderate activity, virus and fungi-high activity
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iodines
bacteria, virus-high activity and fungi-moderate activity, Betadine and Povidine
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chlorhexidine
bacteria,virus,fungi-moderate activity, Nolvasan
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glutaraldehyde
bacteria, virus, fungi-high activity, Cidex
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Peroxide
not virucidal or fungicidal, Hydrogen Peroxide
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