CH 20A Respitory System

_{The tendency of molecules to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.}

Ducts that terminate the microscopic branches from the bronchioles which lead to the alveoli.

phospholipids that assist in the exchange of gas by reducing surface
tension, which contributes to lung elasticity and thereby contributes to
its general compliance. They also stabilize the alveoli.

air-containing spaces in skull and facial bones that lighten the head
and act as resonance chambers for sound. These cavities have multiple
names for the bones which they are located.

_{located in the alveolar ducts of the lungs, these tiny sacs attached to
them, groups of these are called alveolur sacs which resemble a cluster
of grapes. Made of a single-layer epithelial tissue, this simple
structure makes gas exchange possible. Approx 300 million in the lungs,
providing an immese surface area of 1000 sq feet, each coated with fluid
containing surfacents.}

_{Also known as inhalation, the process that is responsible for drawing
air into the lungs. Diaphragm contracts and decends into abdominal
cavity to increase size of thoracic cavity. Accessory muscles raise
chest and ribs. Can be forced.}

_{Also know as exhalation, process responsible for expelling air from the
lungs. Diaphragm relaxes and ascends toward thoracic cavity to decrease
in size, creating an increase in air pressure. Expels air back into the
atmosphere. Can be forced.}

_{Also called the throat, a muscular tube approximately 5 inches long that
is shared by the respitory and digestive systems. Located anterior to
cervical vertebrae. Contains the tonsils (pharengyeal, adnoids, palatine
and lingual) which help the immune system.}

the part of the pharynx that extends from behind the nasal cavity.

the part of the pharynx that is to the back of the oral cavity.

the part of the pharynx that goes down to the larynx.

projections form these lateral walls that create the passage ways in the
nasal cavity. The are named superior, middle and inferior.

two funnel-shaped orifices located in Nasal cavity just above the
inferior meatus.

hairlike projections on the outer surfaces of certain cells that traps
particles and moves them up the throat to clean air.

another name for the nasal cavity, these functions assist in cleaning
and filtering air into the body.

a complex coordination of muscles and nerves create this by air moving
over vocal cords combined with movements of fascial muscle and tongue,
form words.

<sub>port of entry for air and the beginning of the air conduction pathway.
Primarily made of hyaline and elastic cartilidge. The structures
included are:
1. Nasal Bones
2. Two Nostrils
3. Nasal Cavity</sub>

_{one of the three structures of the mucosal lining in the nasal cavity,
cells that produce mucus that moistens the air and traps incoming
foreign particles}

_{refers to sense of smell, through the act of inhalation, scent molecules
enter the nose and are forced against the nasal cavities mucosal
lining. Chemoreceptors embedded in the nasal mucosa send nerve impulses
of scent to the brain.}

_{primary function of the respitory system, oxygen and carbon dioxide
exchange. A constant intake of oxygen is essential for maintaining life.
Without oxygen intake and elimination of carbon dioxide, body cells
would start to die. (Cell Nacrosis)}

_{part of the lower respiratory tract, large air-conduction passagways
leading from the trachea to each lung. Each tube-like structures is
reinforced with hyaline cartilage, helping keep the airway open. There
is one on the right and one on the left.}

also called the nostrils, these are the two external openings in the
nose where air is breathed in to the nasal cavity

also known as the voice box, this triangle-shaped structure formed by
three simple and three paired cartilages.

_{two sets of cords that are used for voice production, the true pair
which is Superior and the inferior false pair which can be trained for
ventriqulism and singers with two octives.}

_{one of the single laryngeal cartilages that closes the trachea during
swallowing (deglutition) preventing food from entering passageways.}

_{spongy, highly elastic paired organs of respiration, they extend from
the diaphragm to just above the clavicles and lie against the interior
portion of the rib cage. Fill most of thoracic cavity, weighs less than
1lb each. Right one has three lobes, left one has two lobes because the
heart is more localized on the left side.}

_{the reason the left lung has only two lobes and the right one which has
three, this is name for the depression in the left lung to accomodate
the heart.}

_{a dome-shaped muscular partition that seperates the thoracic cavity from
the abdominal cavity, main muscle of respiration. Consists of both
contractile muscle fibers and resistant tendinous connective tissues,
which serve to increase extensibility and help keep its firm shape.}

<sub>1. _______ refers to labored or difficult breathing.
2. _______ refers to the temporary cessation of breathing
3. _______ refers to inadequate oxygen at the cellular level. characterized by cyanosis, tachycardia, hypertension, and mental confusion.
4. _______ a condition of lack of oxygen either locally or systemically, inability for body to carry oxygen in the bloodstream.</sub>

_{The total amount of air that can be forcibily inspired and expired from the lungs in one breath.}

_{One of the forms of Respiration, this is gas exchange in the lungs, between blood and air in the alucoli that came from the external environment. Oxygen diffuses from air inside alveoli, across the alveolar calls into blood capilariesw, oxygen binds to the hemoglobin in
red blood cells and is transported throughout the body. Cabon dioxide diffused and exhaled.}

_{one of the forms of Respiration, the gas exchange between blood and the body's tissues. Oxygen diffuses from blood into the cells, carbon dioxide diffuses from cells into blood stream. Each cell assist in absorption of oxygen and removal of wastes in this process.}

During inhalation, the ability of the thorax and lungs to stretch during inspiration.

_{During inhalation, the tendency of the thorax and lungs to return to their pre-inspiration size.}

_{also known as the windpipe, is a tube from the larynx to the upper
chest. Located anterior to the esophagus, it measures approx 9 to 10
inches long and consists of 16 to 21 half-ring hyaline cartilages. it
bifurates at its base into the two primary bronchi.}

_{one of the modified respitory movements of the body, this is a sudden
expulsion of air to clear the lungs and passagways, protective reflex,
can be voluntary induced or involuntary due to choking on food or drink
or a tickle in the throat.}

_{one of the modified respitory movements of the body, this is a response
to emotions, such as grief, pain, fear or joy. Common breath pattern
involves sudden inspiration by release of air in short breaths.}

_{one of the modified respitory movements of the body, also called
hiccoughs, are intermitted contractions of the diaphragm followed by
spasmodic closure of vocal cords. Usually cannot be cured, but run its
course till the diaphragm rests.}

_{one of the modified respitory movements of the body, same modified air
movements as crying and is usually the response to happiness, being
tickled or something funny. During laughter, the mouth is open in a
grin. Short sudden breaths}

_{one of the modified respitory movements of the body, this forceful
involuntary expulsion of air through the nose and mouth as a result of
an irritation of the respitory lining. Can be caused by illness, dust,
dander or other irritants.}

one of the modified respitory movements of the body, this is an audible
breathing during sleep which is caused by the ulvia.

_{one of the modified respitory movements of the body, this is a very deep
breath, intiated by opening the mouth wide and expanding of the chest.
Scientists believe this is triggered by the bodys need for increased
oxygen.}

What are the (7) Modified Respitory Air Movements?

What is the difference between External and Internal Respiration?

What is the difference between Inspiration and Expiration?

What is the Pathway of structures (8) or pathway of air conduction?

1> 2 > 3 > 4 > 5 > 6 > 7 > 8

What are the 2 processes of Pulmonary Ventilation?

What are the (5) structures of the Lower Respiratory Tract?

What is the Primary Muscle of Inspiration (Inhalation)?

What are the 4 Accessory Muscles of Inspiration (Inhalation)?

_{What are the 2 Accessory Muscles of Forced Expiration?
(Unlike regular expiration, these are used with the diaphragm)}

What is the three mechnisms of Breathing?

What is the Anatomy of the Respitory System in order?

What are the 4 Structures of the Upper Respitory Tract?

_{What are the (4) Paranasal Sinuses? (Named for the bones at which they are located)}

What is the (2) functions of the air-conditoning chambers?

What are the (4) functions of the Respitory System?

What are the three components of the Mucosal Lining?

What is another name for nosebleeds?