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How does sound travel?
In waves created by compression and rarefaction of air molecules.
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Sound Decay
Loss of energy in each successive cycle of C/R
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Sound Amplitude
Volume of air being moved by each cycle of C/R
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Hz
Measurement of cycle frequency within a specific time
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Resonance
Enhances, amplifies, and sustains sound
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Primary Resonators
- Throat (Pharynx)
- Mouth
- Nose
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Secondary Resonator
Larynx
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Sympathectic Vibrating Sources of Feedback
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Sound Character Determined by:
- Size
- Surface/Composition
- Aperture
- Shape
- Combined Resonators
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Sound Character Size
- Larger = darker
- Smaller = brighter
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Sound Character Surface/Composition
- Harder enhances closer to resonator formant
- Softer dampens, decays more quickly
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Sound Character Aperture
- Open = brighter
- Closed = darker
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Sound Character Shape
- Cone: all enhanced
- Cylinder: determined by length
- Sphere: determined by aperture
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Sound Character Combined Resonators
Pharynx & Mouth + Nasal Cavity
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Acoustic Music
Regular, repeating sound waves (vowels)
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Acoustic Noise
Irregular pattern (consonants)
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Acoustic Spectrum
Vibration recipe/acoustic mix of sounds
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Formant
- a. Region of frequencies in which there is a greater acoustic energy
- b. Natural resonance frequency of a vocal tract
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Adjustable Resonators
- Larynx
- Lips
- Velum/Soft Palate
- Tongue
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In what direction can the laynx move?
Up or Down
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How do the lips move?
Open or Close
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How can the velum or soft palate be adjusted?
Up or Down
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How can the tongue be adjusted?
- Foward or Backwards
- High or Low
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4 Resonator Fauls
- Post-nasality/Honk
- Twang
- Too Mouth-Oriented
- Too Throat-Oriented
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What causes Post-Nasality or Honk?
The velum being too low and too limp
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What can be used to identify Post Nasality or Honk?
- Listen for muddled consonants
- Have student hold nose while singing (can they still sing?)
- Sing "e"
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What exercises can be used to fix Post Nasality or Honk?
- The velum needs to be raised
- Sing "er"
- Pretend hot potatoes are in mouth
- Snoring
- French vowels
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What causes Twang?
Constriction or tension in pharynx
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How can one identify Twang?
- Sounds nasally
- Tense when traveling through range
- Can sing low notes, but has trouble with high pitches
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What exercises can be used to fix Twang?
- Student must learn to relax
- Sing a relaxed "v"
- Sighing or "oo"
- Image: yawn vs. swallowing
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What causes a voice to be Too Mouth-Oriented?
- Tongue is high
- Soft Palate is too low
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How can a singer be identified as having Too Mouth-Oriented of a voice?
- Sound is all in mouth
- Breathiness
- Can only sing in middle range
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What exercises can be used to fix a voice that is Too Mouth-Oriented?
- Lower Tongue/Raise Soft Palate
- Lower larynx
- Relax lips
- Yawn
- Julia Child voice
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What causes a voice to be Too Throat-Oriented?
- Pharynx is too low
- Tongue is too low
- Mouth is too closed
- Bad access to nasal port
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What identifies a vocalist as having a voice that is Too Throat-Oriented?
Lots of tension
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What exercises can be used to fix a voice that is Too Throat-Oriented?
- Sing on "ng"
- Raising & Lowering Larynx
- Quick scales for relaxation & flexibility
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Nodes
Calluses on vocal chords
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3 Parts of the Pharynx
- Naso-Pharynx
- Oro-Pharynx
- Laryngo-Pharynx
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How does the size of the Pharynx change?
By moving the Larynx
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What determines Aperture?
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What type of muscle are the lips?
Sphincter muscles
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Singer's Formant
2800-3200 Hz
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You cannot adjust diction...
...without having an impact on resonance.
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Sympathetic Reonance
Vibrator does not have contact with resonator (eg. chest)
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Conductive Resonator
Vibrator has contact with resonator (harder products are better conductors)
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Resonator must have:
- Resonating space
- Air
- Chamber
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